US Unemployment Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Unemployment trouble - Essay ExampleConnectively, slothful the great unwashed include all those people who have been laid of temporarily from their work. Unemployment charge per unit may be determined by taking the number of unemployed people as a fraction of labour force. Whereby, labour force may be obtained by adding the number of unemployed and employed people. In 1948, the United States unemployment footstep was reported to be 5.81%, this rate decreased up to 2.5% in 1953. Additionally, unemployment rates continued to increase significantly even in 1982, whereby 10.8% unemployment was reported. Additionally, in 2001 the rate of unemployment was reported to be 5.6% and increased up to 6% in 2003(Amadeo, paras 4-8). The rate of unemployment continued to escalate significantly especially during 2008 scotch recession. Research indicates that an unemployment rate of 10.2% was reported on October 2008. However, on January 2008, the rate of unemployment among different groups w as as follows 7.0 percent effeminate adults, 6.9 percent male adults, 3.2 percent Asians Amercans, 24.2% teenagers, 9.2 percent Hispanics and 13.3 percent Africans Americans. Currently, unemployement rate was reported to be 7.6 percent on March 2013.Therefore, Understanding unemployment problems is very vital not only to individuals but also to all sectors of the economy. This is because it acts as an economic indicator of whether an economy is developing or not. This may further help the US federal official government to identify fiscal and monetary measures to address the problem of unemployment (Woirol, 10-15). US Unemployment Problem The reason why unemployment rate that was reported by the US government could be misleading is because the official unemployment data released by the government does not reflect the true states of affaires on the economy. This is because the rate does not include all the relevant components for computing the rate of unemployment (Hardson, para1). According to economist such as John Williams, the government reported a national unemployment rate of 7.9% and a 9.8% unemployment rate in California as at January 2013. On the contrary, unemployment rate was reported decreased up to 7.7% on March 2013, indicating a 0.2% decline in official unemployment rate (Hardson, para2-3). According to Williams this could be misleading because when making computation the national unemployment excludes the discouraged workers and include only those people have been actively looking for a job within a period of four weeks. This convey those people who had given up in looking for a job are not include in unemployment figures. This consequently makes the official unemployment to be significantly lower that the actual unemployment on the ground. In higher up connection, other economist asserted that the official unemployment do not show any significant emolument and this could be another reason for having a misleading rate of unemployment (Hardso n, paras7-10). Additionally, the government does not make reviews to the anterior unemployment rates making the official unemployment to have a significant difference from the previous unemployment rates. Connectively, gross home(prenominal) product, consumer price index and unemployment figure have been politicised by political leaders for personal gains.. This has consequently lead to an increase in cases of misleading unemployment figures. Lack of full disclosure to public on with respect to which data was adjusted in coming up with unemployment rates has contributed an increase cases of misleading rates of unemployment (Hardson, paras10-22). In come out to solve unemployment problems, the

How Do Groups React to Unexpected Threats Crisis Management in Research Paper

How Do Groups React to Unexpected Threats Crisis Management in Organizational Teams - Research Paper moralContextually, when assessing the current scenario of the global business world, particularly due to the continuous globalization effects and the consequent alterations winning place in the socio-economic conditions, managing such obstacle have emerged as one of the most significant concerns of contemporaneous business organizations. A crisis management is thus essentially required to be devised with the blueprint of minimizing the impacts of unpredictable occurrences which may seriously hamper the performances of an organization either in its short-run or in its long-run performances2. In this regard, various literature studies have been conducted which emphasized on addressing the various dimensions of crisis management. However, in the condition titled as How do Groups React to Unexpected Threats? Crisis Management in Organizational Teams, the authors Jin Nam Choi, Sun Yo ung Sung, and Myung Un Kim proclaimed that all-inclusive researches are available in limited numbers which were focused on learning the behavior of organizational teams when responding to crisis situations and crisis management strategies. Correspondingly, in this article, qualitative as wellhead as quantitative methods have been used with the intention to satisfy the literature gap existing in relation to the study of organizational team responses to crisis management3. The theme will intend to discuss the concepts which can be acquired from the article further describing the applicability of such findings in the organizational level crisis management practices. Moreover, references will also be considered from the book named Organization Theory & outsideize written by Richard L. Daft when assessing the article. The Concepts Acquired from the Article The article depicts that organizational teams are commonly observed to deal as dependent on the persisting interdependent rela tionships within the work culture cosmos subjected to their external activities when implementing crisis management strategies. The findings of this article also reveal that environment of an organization is complex as well as incertain which results in many crises situations. It has been fundamentally due to these reasons that crises within organizational teams are observed to be rising immensely since the past few years. In this regard, management of an organization is required to effectively work out the time as well as the procedure through which the crisis event is most likely to occur. In most instances, organizational teams focus on determining the reasons and likewise sort out the type of crises being witnessed or probable to be witnessed in order to initiate better effective crisis management strategies. The article also stated that irrespective of such practices apparent in the organizational teams of the corporate sector, only insignificant number of studies were cond ucted in order to sort the various types of crises witnessed by contemporary businesses and the strategies which are devised as well as implemented accordingly3. Furthermore, the article also aims at demonstrating the importance of organizational teams performances at times of uncertain situations. In this respect, organizational teams performing in groups are observed to

The most effective channel structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The most effective course structure - Essay exemplificationSpecification of distribution working classs in order to achieve the set objectives was done exploitation the five task groups namely physical distribution, after sale service, channel support, selling and risk assumption. The next stage gnarled selecting alternative channel structures using the channel levels, intensity and intermediary levels after which evaluation of the alternatives was done using the weighted factor score approach. This helped to determine the effective channel strategy which was to provide accommodation go so as to reduce costs for tourists hence attract them. This is to differentiate Webjet from the competitors and gain sustainable private-enterprise(a) advantage. An implementation plan was then designed to achieve the results needed. Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Table of Contents 2 List of Tables and Figures 4 1. conception 5 1.1 Authorization 5 1.2 restriction 5 1.3 Scope of Report 5 2. Case Background 6 2.1 Company Background 7 2.2 run Design Decision Paradigm 7 3. Major Case Issues 9 4. Situation outline 9 4.1 Internal AND EXTERNAL analysis 9 4.2 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 10 4.3 External Analysis 11 4.4 Setting and Coordinating Distribution Objectives 11 4.5 Distribution Tasks 12 4.5.1 Selling 12 4.5.2 Channel Support 13 4.5.3 Physical Distribution 13 4.5.4 Product modification and after-sales services 14 4.5.5 endangerment Assumptions 14 5. Identifying selection Channel Structures 14 5.1 Number of Channel Levels 15 5.2 Intensity at all(prenominal) Level 16 5.3 Types of Intermediaries 16 5.4 Alternative Channel Structure Strategy 16 6. Evaluation of Alternative Channel Structure 17 6.1 Company Variables 17 6.2 Market Variables 18 6.3 Product Variables 19 6.4 Intermediaries Variables 20 6.5 Weighted Factor Score Approach 20 7. Recommended Strategy 21 8. Implementation plan 21 9. Conclusion 22 10. List of References 24 List of Tables and Figures Figure A- Channe l Design Paradigm competent from (birch, 2006) 9 Figure B - Channel levels in travel agency Adapted FROM (Holma, 2010) 15 1. Introduction 1.1 Authorization This make-up has been authorized by Mr. David Clarke to outline the most effective channel structure for Webjet Limited. In the production of the report, the seven steps of the channel decision paradigm will be utilized. 1.2 Limitation discordant limitations were noted while conducting research and producing the report. One of the major limitations was not having a clear timeline for completion of the report. This meant the report could be delayed due to lack of urgency and timeline leading to outdated selective information which has been overtaken by events and also delays in implementation which could lead to severity of the problem. Another limitation was lack of useful and relevant information from the literature and inability to obtain timely communication from Webjet. 1.3 Scope of Report This report examined a turning of ways on how to create or modify the channel design of Webjet Limited. This involved looking into the existent channels and determining if they are suitable for the organization and what could be done to improve on them. This was to attend Webjet to recognize the need to make a decision on the channel design. This involved undergoing the seven channel design stages to come up with the right channel for Webjet. Firstly, a brief background was given for the friendship selected (Webjet) containing company profile, locations, products and company history together with the channel design

Critical Analysis of published research paper Essay

Critical Analysis of published investigate composition - Essay ExampleMEs, indeed, comprise one of the negative issues overwhelming the medical world today. It is not crude anymore but is still uncontrollably happeningwhich had urged and is continually urging many to uncover some facts that surround it through look. Such researches have heralded attention not only from the people prosecute in the provision of care but also from its recipients and from the rest of the world to see whether proposed actions by the researchers female genitals be efficiently applied and make used of.The research paper done by Bohomol, Ramos, and DInnocenzo (2009) entitled Medication errors in an intensive care unit is one of those researches focused in the takings of medication errors in a specialized unitthe intensive care unit (ICU). In this paper, their research will be subjected to fair evaluation to enable analysis of its applicability and practicability to the medical subject and work. Speci fically, the paper will assess the researchs effectiveness based on its research design, data collection, validity, reliability, data analysis, certain ethical considerations and other important matters that will give rise to its importance or worthlessness. With due respect to the researchers capability to conduct thorough research process, this paper will also exploit review the researchs outcome competency in relation to the goals that the researchers have formulated.As describe by Creswell (2003), the purpose statement of a research establishes the direction for the research (p. 87). Hence, it is from the purpose statement that researchers formulate key points that must be considered throughout the study. Bohomol et al. (2009) clearly iterated their research rationale by simply stating that the research was done to investigate the incidence types and causes of medication errors and the consequences for patients (p. 1259). It was straightforward and direct to the point it

The Locus of the Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13750 words

The Locus of the Financial Crisis - Essay ExampleThis study argues that a match scheme is superior to its unbalanced counterpart for a developing country like Thailand, where the domestic savings pass judgment was quite high. In other words, a balance should be made between the conglomerate sectors of the saving agriculture, manufacturing, service and information, between long and short-term goals, and between domestic and international economic climate in order to achieve sustainable growth. Although an unbalanced growth st locategy may lead to a high short-term growth rate by over-investing in directly productive activities (DPA) over social operating cost capital (SOC) or otherwise, much of its success would depend on the external economic climate. Because an external climate may not be favourable to national development and often depends on political conditions elsewhere, policymakers of hooked capitalist countries should not rely on such an preliminary. Moreover, a lo w and sustainable growth rate appears to be better than a rapid but volatile one in terms of various development indexes such as income distribution and poverty alleviation. The only viable alternative to a balanced growth strategy for a national economy is the pursuance of a balanced growth approach by the global economy, because over-investment in a certain sector of a country can be supplemented by an under-investment by another country. This study argues that a balanced approach should be made crosswise countries not only regarding economic growth but also regarding issues such as self-esteem, freedom, status, or title. For this harming of global co-operation to take place, a concerted effort will be needed from all quarters.Furthermore, the mainstream economic theories (monetarists/rational expectation) should be applied carefully because these theories consider speculation as a factor of stabilization.

Benefits of Online Library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefits of Online Library - Essay ExampleStatistics are often manipulated to convince mickle of a certain point of view, or to falsely frighten the public. Statistics might be hardly manipulated by presenting misleading representations, exploiting the tendency to assume that a correlation demonstrates causation, representing irrelevant facts based on what people legal opinion not on what is true, providing anecdotes often emotional in nature and appealing emotion rather than logic. Statistics gage mislead if it is not peer-reviewed. It is like a quality control. Without peer review, a report full of foolish and misleading statistics rear end be passed off to the public as a scientific report. An example can be the anti-smoking movement these days that try to convince people through the statistics. Although smoking is hazardous to wellness but proving it by the means of statistics is not always correct. For instance, Japan has the worlds highest smoking population having 67% or so of the population being smokers. It is also the worlds healthiest nation. China has the second highest smoking rate and it is the second highest healthiest too. about countries still consider statistics as confidential information that should not be disclosed because their enemies could use it to debase the security and order in the country. We think that this is legitimate but this should not be used as an excuse to hide the statistics that have nothing to do with national security and we think that this matter should be discussed more thoroughly.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

medical specialty - Essay ExampleIt renders new downstairsstanding of beauty associated with Impressionism.The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky was composed under the influence of avant-garde art movement in the beginning of 20th century in France which was a center of cultural experiments. At the same meter, this piece focuses on Slavic culture and its item medicamental theater elements. This piece is an interpretation of Russian folk symphony in an avant-garde key complicated Adonic structure, dissonance, disorganized melody and unconventional approach to ornamentation make this piece exceptional. It is not background symphony it requires attention and understanding to be appreciated by people. It seems to be too difficult to understand at some points, but it is precise engaging and beautiful music.The first half of the 20th century was the time when music changed significantly in the regular army under the influence of African American culture. Swing became very popular with American population due to its lively rhythm, cheerful mood and ability to dance. Cotton tin by Duke Ellington is a great example of swing music. It is performed by the swing orchestra its cheerful rhythm and dance vibes cannot make people listen patiently. Swing music gives beginning to jazz in the USA it is simpler in its rhythmic structure but it already has syncope and harmonies typical for jazz. It is music for people who hold up to the lost generation born between two wars it is carefree, joyful and entertaining.Indeterminancy by John Cage shows a new understanding of music born in the second half of 20th century. It becomes an example of how music can be performed in other ways. Indeterminancy presents a cycle of short stories accompanied by specific sounds of various objects that are not music instruments in their primary function. This piece challenges the traditional definition of music because it is not perceived as music. However, sound effects enhance perceptio n of the text and

How to help Americans doing business in China Assignment

How to help Ameri butt joints doing lineage in China - Assignment modelingThe strength and size of Chinese have grown as well as its domestic companies. Because of the improvements, businesses and entrepreneurs can launch ventures with ease.Despite the growth experienced in China, there are several challenges that foreign investors and firms age trading in the country (Banerjee, 2015). Chinese domestic or state-owned companies receive preferential treatments that render it knockout for foreign (including American) firms to match their competitiveness. Further, the Chinese government has instituted strict procurement laws that act as obstacles to the foreign companies. such rules place emphasis on encouraging purchase of local goods and services at the expense of imports. much(prenominal) domestic purchases get encouragement in both business-business levels and business-customer levels. The part of procurement law that causes more parapet to American companies is that the law encourages that state-owned firms at any given time must exclusively purchase their products from Chinese companies. Further, Chinas antimonopoly law seems to favor domestic firms while it remains stricter to foreign investments. Considering the said(prenominal) challenges, it is therefore in order that American businesspersons, entrepreneurs, and investors understand the Chinese business environment. Some of the measures would help in creating an enabling and favorable business environment to the American investors trading in China.Every American entrepreneur who hopes to set a successful business enterprise in China should recognize a local business partner. It is vital that the local partner be a member of an established China-based company (Michael, 2015). In addition, the partner can be a well-contracted businessperson in China whose reputation is remarkable. Consequently, the local business partner would enable the American businessperson to navigate legal processes despite t he complicated regulations

Leadership and Decision Making Assignment Term Paper

leading and Decision Making Assignment - Term Paper ExampleThe major problem that might number while schooling as a team is when the team members do not listening and come up the instructions of their colleagues. The lack of sharing of information is also one of the prime reasons for the failure. This is the reason why leading are required to handle the team in the right direction with various leadership styles in resolving conflicts and work with the same motive and objective as a team.Conflicts are common in working as a team simply it demands competent leadership in solving the issues and for managing either the concerned members in the right path. The true leaders are competent enough in winning decisions and manage everyone as per the desired objectives of the organization. In clinical teams, motives, traits, knowledge and skills are commonly found but there is a lack of leadership quality in the team.In any kind of organization, the immensity of leadership is prevalent . The leaders are accountable as they production up the responsibilities put various techniques in incite the team members and initiate effective decisions. As per Professor Lars Qvortrup, The leader can only identify the learning need of the organization and exceed the organizations knowledge horizon by stand up outside the organization (Qvortrup, n.d.).In an organization, responsibility and accountability are very important. Responsibility will construct accountability of all the deeds that are carried out in the organization. Leaders in the organization take up the challenge and work with others in generating benefit to their organizations.A leader knows best about his/her work force people better. Leaders can identify the motivating factors for the employees and try to motivate them either in monetary terms or in non monetary methods. The tools used by the leaders in motivating the work force are divided into

Eliminating Job Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Eliminating Job Stress - Essay ExampleWith the sum up in volume of work, complexity in situations and heavy competitions contrast stress is on the rise. According to data from health and safety, company executives record that in Britain around 420,000 were going through stress, anxiety and other pressure issues. In 2006, the figures mounted to 195,000 smart cases. Over the years the rate has continued to increase and by 2007 it was stated that out of every 6 individuals at work, one among them was experiencing job stress. When carrying out research, it is important to understand the scope of the problem and how it will good the industry in that regard. As it can be seen from the statistics mentioned above, job stress is a significant issue. Since distributively employee is an asset of the organization and is contributing to the running of the organization it is essential to study his/her interests and issues and keep them at initiative position. Research studies indicate that the emergence of internationalism and globalization has led to organizations and the society becoming very complex. Added features to condescension such as less barriers and strategically aligned resource strategies are adding to the problem . Technological advancements are in addition increasing hence requiring less skilled labor at work. There is also an increase in the rate of wages, which eventually puts pressure on the employees.Demographic shifts gain also added to aggravate the problem as workforce diversity has increased bringing about a change in the cultural environment. (Stamatios, Antoniou, & Cooper, 2005). upright piano disaggregation has become a new trend in organizations especially in outsourcing. Hierarchal structures are world flattened and firms are redefining their cost structures. Organizations are promoting efficiency and cost effectiveness hence decreasing job security (Stamatios, Antoniou, & Cooper, 2005). There has been an increase in the levels of di ssatisfaction among employees over the year. The balance between work and life has also been disrupted as a result of an increase in workload. Employee expectation has been on the increase and employees have developed a desire to control their professional life rather than getting stressed by large

Contemporary issues in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary issues in moving in - Essay ExampleCountries with citizens who equable have got problems in meeting basic needs like food, clothing, and housing are an ideal testing show for the comprehension of backside of pyramid. The most challenging issue to this strategy is defining those race who are tell to be at the base of the pyramid, as there are those who earn less than two dollars a day, and there are those who earn slightly higher than two dollars a day, but are still languishing in poverty. Many companies especially the multinational corporations invest on Bottom of profit, so as to provoke the lives of billions of people out of poverty and desperations that seem to continue, if the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. For example, the Unilever Company is atomic number 53 of the companies that have adopted the Bottom of Pyramid as a corporate strategy. Many CEOs have practice to look at this strategy with a new lens (Prahalad, 2010). There is s ome evidence that crowd out be used to prove that the innovations in the Bottom of the Pyramid dismiss and have resulted to profitable business. moving in leaders, who have adopted the Bottom of Pyramid strategy, have started to re-examine and see the role of business in the society. This strategy has provided a platform for global innovations, which have a lot of implications in the world of business today. Therefore, though the Bottom of Pyramid has its own shortcomings, it is a precise important strategy that most organizations can adopt (Prahalad, 2010). What is Bottom of Pyramid? There have been many discussions on the ideal of Bottom of Pyramid in business today and no precise definition has been put forward to define the concept. However, this concept was originally introduced to draw attention to the 1-5 billion poor, who are unserved or underserved by the large organized hidden sector including multinational firms (Prahalad, 2010, p. 6). The main aim of the Bottom of Pyramid is to ensure that the rich, who are the ones occupying the top of the pyramid would be sensitized to help those who are less fortunate, and who are the majority occupying the base of the pyramid. Kazmi defines it as a strategy that refers to exploiting the opportunities that are believed to be available in serving the poorer sections of the society and in like manner serving fond objectives (2008, p. 207). Cited in Donohue, 2009. The above diagram is a representation of the rich occupying the top of the pyramid being the very few, and the poor occupying the base being the majority. In other words, it is a representation of how income in the world is distributed (Donohue, 2009). Thus, the Bottom of Pyramid refers to that population that leaves below the poverty line. How does the B.O.P Strategy Work? The term Bottom of Pyramid is tell to be a relative term it focuses on the strategies that companies can start to serve the populations, rather than un-serving and underservin g them. When people say it is a relative term, it means that, a person living at the Bottom Pyramid in China is different from someone living at the Bottom Pyramid in Somalia, though both are seen as living at the BOP, but in different contexts (Prahalad, 2010). This strategy also focuses on serving with approaches that are more profitable and relevant for application towards the bottom of the pyramid population. The surround on this issue will definitely continue before a very precise definitio

Going Green Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Going Green - assay ExampleAs a result, temperatures within the atmosphere rise, albeit gradually, to cause global warming. The United States Environmental auspices agency has listed five gases as composing the nursery gases. These be Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. (U.S Environmental security measure Agency, February 2012). Although carbon dioxide is alike produced naturally, it (and the other gases) is primarily produced through human activities, especially through the burning of fogy fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of other chemical reactions (Environmental justification Agency, February 2012). This is where automobile manufacture becomes relevant. Green house gases are verbaliseted, not only during the production of cars, entirely also during their use i.e. while on the road. This calls for safer methods of production as well as designing green cars-those that emit less harmful g ases or none at all. Such are solar-powered or electric cars. 2. earthly concern Check Greenhouse emissions energise been on the rise in the last couple of decades thanks to change magnitude industrialization. They ease up risen by 15 percent since 1990, reaching over 7000 metric tons in 2006. (CQ Researcher, Feb. 29 2008, Pg 200). ... To curb the effects of global warming, governments, business organizations, activist groups as well as individuals have come out to advocate for to a greater extent initiative and accountability-more specifically in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save the planet. The car industry is squarely on the spotlight over taking responsibility over greenhouse gases emissions, since it is arguably the chief consumer of fossil fuel products. 3. The Great Controversy Green products are not costly neither do they hurt the economy, as some people whitethorn have claimed. The problem with such an argument is that the proponents are looking at sho rt term profits and benefits, which whitethorn not be immediately realized in the green market. They look at the rate of enter versus output and it looks like a losing game, at least from face value. For instance, relying on solar energy in car production means that we can only reap benefits during the day only- and closing shop at sun set. This means that a 24 hour economy is not possible, and therefore profits may reduce by half. However, this may be the only greatest disadvantage with solar energy. On the other hand, we may benefit from a 24-hour economy driven by coal and gas, but we will begin run our losses some epoch soon down the road. Green house effects may be slow, but they are certain. They cause ripple effects that result to consequences that eventually cost more bills to mitigate. For instance, more toxic gases are emitted to the atmosphere through industrial wastes the mean global temperatures rise over time more ice melts causing dams, rivers and lakes to swell a nd burst floods sweep over businesses, animals and humans more money is required to rebuild the dams, compensate the affected

Business mangament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business mangament - Essay sheathThe underlying objective is to meet client demand with the desired tastes and preferences.Resource utilization is a detailed aspect to monitor in operations management. The operations management purvey herein can scan a number of forms, with the most commonly employed being strategic, tactical and/or operational. Activities that characterize all(prenominal) of the three depend on the operational decisions reached at an individual organization level. This is done by evaluating and sagacity the market, customer base and the industry trends. The aim is to strike a long lasting relationship amongst stakeholders, so that the operational aspects of the firm ar effective and efficient prior to the firms harvest-festival and/or service line.The digest of operations management is primarily rooted in fundamental players in the crinkle environment. These players highly influence the functionality and success of firms business aspects. Operations manage ment focuses on the customers, suppliers, shareholders, employees and the society (Kumar, 2006, p.153). Customers are the main driving factor in the market. This is because they create market demand, prompting supply of products and services. In the gaffe of shareholders, organizational welfare consequently influences shareholder wealth. The employee aspect of operations management accounts for working conditions at the workplace. done corporate social responsibility, operations management integrates the society into the firms operations. This is done to ensure that business activities by a firm do not affect the society negatively.Based on the interests and the focus of operations management, five specific objectives are pursed. These are quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost (Khanna, 2007, p.382). Quality addresses product and/or service specifications conformity. In other words, the quality of

Social Studies Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Studies Standards - Essay practiceThe national standards for sociable studies and the standards set for social studies by Washington maintain have much in common. The national standards broadly reflect a scenario where the rudimentary elements of the subject are highlighted. Also, the nature and scope of companionship and skills for students in the different school grades that must be developed are provided (National Standards for Social Studies). The Washington state social studies standards are more specific to its region. It highlights the role of a citizen in society and his rights and responsibilities. It makes study of the fundamental law of the United States and the constitution of Washington State compulsory for students desirous of graduating from this state (Social Studies).Students in the early grades, core grades and high school learn social studies in the context of their sympathy and grasp. The level of learning and understanding naturally advance as the stu dents scale higher up on the academic ladder, year by year. The students understanding of the subject gives them greater awareness of their rights and responsibilities in society. Their familiarity of the topical anestheticity as well as their state and the world at large and their interdependence, also become sharper. Their capability to think and address issues of local application and global importance also gain significantly. For instance, environment and the need to do something to reduce contaminant are fresh in the minds of students (Wyoming Social Studies Content and Performance Standards).Social Studies KnowledgeAs mentioned earlier, the knowledge of social studies advance as students go up the academic grades. The basic knowledge of social studies is native for every student. For students intending to pursue any branch of study where social studies play vital role handle history and geology there is benefit in good score.For middle graders, an understanding that diffe rent scholars may witness similar events in different ways may suffice. For high school students, it becomes necessary to demonstrate that historic knowledge and the concept of time are socially influenced constructions and the questions they raise need to be handled selectively harmonise to the time they occurred (National Standards for Social Studies).Meaningful LearningA systematic and cohesive learning makes study of social studies interesting and meaningful. The student looks forward to such learning and his curiosity is heightened and satisfied feel by step with each passing grade. Learning must be such that interest in the subject is awakened. The program must be composed of not only contents but also the means of conveyance of title the message. There must be good use of visuals, audiovisuals, group discussions and interactions with students.The use of computers and search engines like google and yahoo must be encouraged. Students must be given projects highlighting iss ues on social studies. It is great to production line that use of pictures and words in a project enhance knowledge. There is a Chinese dictum that one picture is as good as a thousand words. ConclusionAs a subject, the indispensability of social studies cannot be overemphasized. It is not possible that one can do without it. Thanks to the scientific advancements in communication and travel, the world has become a global

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 33

Case Study ExampleBoth lines of product compete for the fraternity resources. Recently, the standard line of furniture has seen a significant increase in sales. As a result, the caller-out has increased the labor hours for this line. However, the customized furniture line still gains precedence due to its huge profit margin. The lodges founder is quick to note the companys growth in his review (Rice, 2003). However, the finance department has revealed that the inventory has tied up huge amount of cash. As a result, the inventory prop costs continue to increase. Additionally, the increasing lead times is causing more delays in delivery of some(prenominal) lines of production. As a result, the company management has been forced to re-examine the impact of the standard line furniture on the entire production process.Qatar has adopted an economic model that has led to the boom especially in the furniture industry. Small-scale production of furniture is not enough to meet its growin g demand. As a result, a number of large-scale furniture manufacturing companies have cropped up in all corners of the country. Under this section, an abstract is provided of the strength and weaknesses of Gulf Creative Ideas.Since its inception, the company sales have rose dramatically. It has identified affluent consumers as its target market. High-end consumers are less price-sensitive and provide unique design specification for their furniture. The company has exploited this receding fully and this as translated to its continued growth in revenue.Chapter 1 is concerned with the operation management activities that deal the production process. Under the organization chart, inventory management is part of these activities in the manufacturing process. Chapter 2 analyzes the need for a mission statement and the operation strategies that follows. Gulf Creative Ideas should focus on the strategies that augment its competitive advantage. With attachment to the sixth chapter, quali ty improvement is a

Education Improvements Essay Example for Free

Education Improvements EssayWith a vast array of instructional sources in stock(predicate) online or by using engineering science which is involved with multimedia system system, it is only inevitable that a great bargain of teaching will be used this way. Advantages may include improved efficiency, interested learning and a sense of enjoyment for younger learners. Traditional classroom establish teaching will need to locomote together with the advances of computer based learning to fulfil and expand the learners knowledge. Bibliography www. computerweekly. com www. mit. com www. nhs. com www. bbc. co. uk.As technology has evolved rapidly in and around our environment, public services are now steadily introducing multimedia and other forms of computer based applications. The Territorial Army (TA) and the National Health Service (NHS) are two that have evolved dramatically within the last ten historic period in relation to technology. The TA has several high-tech intelli gence and implements of war applications and the NHS has such vital modern equipment all implementing some form of multimedia. With this it should only make sense that multimedia be included in another very important sector, Education.Within the last five years multimedia and education have bonded well to produce some very informative information. This has become readily operable for children as young as two up to self-aggrandisings participating in education via adult learning schemes. The most significant and straightforward way to view these types of information is from the World Wide network (WWW). The similarity between primary and university study is that they need to be online indefinitely. Although they need internet access it mustiness not be a limited package.The connection they apply must be quick and hard-hitting otherwise users will establish a lackadaisical attitude towards the idea. Inside the last twelve months there has been a surge in primary and secondary schools in particular enquiring about wireless connections. many an(prenominal) schools are looking at this form of connection due to its low cost and flexibility. Laptops can be transferred from one classroom to another, rather than having a fixed station. An example of multimedia used within education is a project aimed towards disaffected children to encourage them back into learning.Interactive mathematics, composing digital music and structure virtual 3D art exhibitions are some of the applications which are used and created. The main idea screwing the project is to establish a stable bond between pupil and teacher with the use of I. T. different outcomes which are hopefully achieved is the better retention of the technology they are using (both pupil and teacher). If the time for this technology is used wisely and productively with the school environment it could play and integral part in the pupils advances ship education, however if the pupil is not receptive to new for ms of teaching then the answer must breathe elsewhere.Ian Peacock chairman of Hackney Councils Education Committee said We need to ensure that the childrens use of computers in the classroom provides some of the buzz they get from playing media-intensive games in their leisure time. (ComputerWeekly, 2001). As education and multimedia within the ages of two to sixteen is of great importance, the education of the older age group should also be considered vital for those willing to expand their skills and acquire the relevant knowledge. This next form of learning via means of multimedia shows how far the technology has developed to cater for this age group.MIT Open Courseware is designed to ?Provide free, searchable, access to MITs railway line materials for educators, students, and self-learners around the humankind. ?Extend the reach and impact of MIT OCW and the open courseware concept. There is a wide variety of courses to select for, from history to nuclear engineering. The s ite is aimed at self-learners who can log on anywhere in the world and start accessing information on their chosen subject. Lecture notes and assignments are all included just as if they were studying in University.This form of studying is very familiar at present with more than 2000 courses available on the internet reported by 1996. That number has grown progressively and there are courses available today to suit the majority of users whatever their subject. These online courses prove to be significant to those who maybe cannot afford fees towards university or who reside to far from any teaching institute. We live in a very rural area. advance to quality educational materials is a 225-mile drive to the nearest library of any significance. (Self Learner MIT, 2005).

Governor Phillip Essay Example for Free

regulator Phillip EssayIn this essay, I would like to examine the respective(prenominal) educational theories of the two men Professor Higgins Pygmalion and Governor Phillip Our Countrys Good. Both men believe in the shape of amelioration that is, both believe in the redemptive force play of fine language if people plow fine language, they will find themselves morally or socially improved. Both believe that people, who are innate(p) into the lower classes, are non doomed to live their lives at a disadvantage. Moreover, if given the opportunity to practice the divine gift of articulate speech, then they can achieve a degree of upward mobility. I should like to look first at the relationship between Professor Higgins and Eliza in Pygmalion, which is set in an era of social mobility and depends for its effect upon the English class system. In particular, I would like to examine the motif that a persons position in society can be accurately measured by her speech-style. heat content Higgins, a professor of linguistics, believes that Eliza Doolittle (draggletailed guttersnipe) can be transformed into a duchess. Higgins is a scientist conducting an experiment. He necessitys Eliza to talk genteelly.His specific ambition is to offer that girl off as a duchess at an ambassadors garden party. Higgins is extremely inconsiderate (What does it matter what becomes of you) and professes non to be interested in Elizas personal progress at all, in fact only command her to win a bet between Pickering and himself THE NOTE-TAKER (HIGGINS) Well, sir, in three months I could pass that girl off as a duchess at an ambassadors garden party. PICKERING Ill say youre the greatest teacher alive if you make that good. Ill bet you all the expenses of the experiment you cant do it.As this throw shows, Pickering has just given Professor Higgins the incentive to teach Eliza. Higgins is very vain (I can place all man in London) and is teaching Eliza to stop using cockney d ialect Lisson plantation lingo such as Garn and you ought to be stuffed with nails, you ought She also uses double negatives in her speech I aint got no parents where, grammati namey, it should be I dont brook either parents. In Act Two, Eliza goes one step further by reflection, I dont want neer to see him again I dont which is in fact a triple negative.During his experiment in teaching, Higgins encounters the difficulty of getting Eliza to talk grammatically. Teaching her to pronounce the words properly is easy enough, still teaching her to understand English grammar is more complicated. When she comes to Higgins, her grammar is atrocious (I wont stay here if I dont like), for she is using adjectives kinda of adverbs. However, she is aware of her social standing. Although she knows that she is not a lady (I couldnt sleep here, its too good for the likes of me), she also knows that she is not a tramp and regularly states she is not a prostitute (Im a good girl I am).This chorus is her motto and shows that she has a sense of decorum. In Act Three, ab break three months into the experiment, Eliza undertakes what we make call a half-term test. She goes to Mrs Higgins at home day. There, she does well in her greetings of Mrs Eynsford Hill and her daughter, Clara her four syllables how do you do? are said with pedantic pronunciation and great beauty of tone. Then, however, the topic of conversation begins to turn towards incongruous subjects My auntie died of influenza, so they saidbut it is my belief they done her in. Higgins explains away Elizas inappropriate remark by saying that it is the new small talk. Shortly afterwards, he gives the signal to Eliza that she should leave. When asked by Freddy if she is walking, she replies with the best remark in the coquet Walk Not bloody likely. Im going in a taxi. She departs, much to the shock of the genteel folk. The fight in this exchange is between Elizas perfectly elegant diction and the crude adjecti ve that she uses.This example of Lisson Grove lingo or kerbstone English, when spoken in an upper-class accent, sounds incongruous and creates uproarious laughter. When we next mesmerise up with Eliza, she has made a in(predicate) transformation from a flower girl as innocuous as she can afford to be to a princess in opera cloak, evening dress, diamonds, fan, flowers and all accessories. She is at her final test, an International party at an Embassy in London. Neppomuck, Higgins first student, attends, working as an interpreter I speak 32 languages You place a man anywhere in London,I place any man in Europe. The hostess of the party instructs Neppomuck to use his skills on Eliza I have found out all about her, she is a fraud. As Higgins thinks that he has failed and it is all over, Neppomuck reveals She is of Hungarian origin and of Royal blood. She is a Princess Higgins, as is shown, has succeeded in his mission to transform Elizas speech from that of a common flower girl to that of an aristocrat. Later, when Eliza asks Pickering if she had won his bet, he replies Won it my dear, you have won it 10 times over.This speech by Colonel Pickering makes Eliza feel successful and when, after the party, Higgins makes an entirely selfish analysis of the ordeal through which Eliza has been going, (No more artificial duchesses. The whole social occasion has been simple purgatory) she passes moral judgement on him (you selfish brute). When we see Eliza at Mrs. Higgins house we are shown that incomplete Higgins nor Pickering has any concept of mental cruelty, for they think that the way they have treated Eliza (who is naturally rather affectionate) by ignoring her and saying how glad they are that it is all over, is perfectly acceptable.In Act Five, Eliza realises that her real education is not in phonetics but in manners. Eliza explains how she acquired self-respect and has risen in the world. Shaw then puts in her mouth a political speech critical of class-diffe rences in England in 1916 The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves but how shes treated This declaration brings us on to discussing Our Countrys Good and Governor Phillip. At the heart of Governor Phillips educational theory is the belief that, if the yardbirds are treated as happy individuals, they will acquire self-respect.Arthur Phillip has been made governor-in-chief of a penal colony in 18th century Australia. The criminals have been transported a form of punishment at that time on a convict ship to Australia, which was the to the highest degree frequent destination. Excluding the convicts, in that location are several other men, of various ranks, with Phillip. Among these are Captain Watkin Tench and seek David Collins, both of whom lack sensitivity. Phillip is a humanitarian and thinks it unnecessary to cross fifteen thousand miles of ocean to piece another Tyburn? that is, to go to the other side of the Earth to hang people who could hav e been hanged in Britain. Tench, on the other hand, thinks that the convicts laugh at hangings and it is their favourite form of entertainment. Phillip wishes to be humane and considers lashing as an alternative, but because the punishment is unobserved, Collins deems it useless for it will not serve as a sharp example that is, it will not deter the other convicts. Tench agrees with him by saying that justice and humaneness have never gone hand in hand.When the discussion turns to defrauds and preferred authors, Phillip has the idea of the convicts putting on a play for the good of the colony. This is our first notion of the differences between Governor Phillip and Professor Higgins Higgins is teaching Eliza for his own good, to improve his reputation, not for her benefit nor our countrys good. The only play they have is George Farquhars The Recruiting Officer (1706), which is a Restoration comedy.In Act 1 Scene Five, Phillip asks Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark to organise the play . He doesnt really want to do it and to begin with is not very enthusiastic, but he is hopeful of promotion and so does it to please the Governor. He hears that a convict called Mary Brenham can read and write, so he roots her out. She is with her friend, Dabby Bryant, when he comes to talk to her. When he asks her questions to abide by if she can read and write, Dabby interrupts and tells him She used to read to us on the ship. We loved it. This disclosure reveals Marys human effectiveness it reveals also that some convicts are sensitive to those who have been desensitised through brutal treatment. When Dabby says, Mary wants to be in your play, she is telling us that Mary wants something to look forward to, something to anticipate. When Ralph Clark starts reading some lines with her from the play, she reads the line Whilst there is life, there is hope This is a perfect example of a syntactically balanced eyeshot. This proverbial saying comments finely on their situation within the colony.In Act One Scene Six, The Authorities Discuss the Merits of the Theatre, study Robbie Ross shows his contempt for the play (well all be struck with stricturing starvation and you you a play ) Ross is a reactionary figure he adopts a hostile manner towards the idea that the convicts may be capable of sentiment and rehabilitation. He believes that they are incorrigible, beyond redemption he has no confidence in the redemptive power of Farquhars language. Ross wastes no opportunity to vituperate against the convicts (vice ridden vermin), especially the women, whom he considers lower forms of life (Filthy, thieving, lying whores). He scoffs at the fact that they are allowed to perform a play of fine language, sentiment (Plays ). In the analogous scene as Ross accusations, we find that these are actually civilised men The sky of this Southern cerebral hemisphere is full of wonders. Have you looked at the constellations? Astronomy seems to be a reasonably intelligent pur suit. Phillip now shows his teach position We are indeed here to supervise the convicts who are already being punished by their long exile. Surely they can also be reformed?

Quran Essay Essay Example for Free

record Essay EssayAmong the innumerable facts, this writing will contri onlye devil facts only First, the al-Quran contains m each scientific facts that be only being effectuate appear recently. The record books linguistic mood is far superior then any former(a)(a) form of writing. Without a doubt men make water negated and contested the truth and revelation from God including the Quran revealed to prophet Mohamed (sallahu alahi wa salaam). For that causation, men in their objection and adamant expression suggested that the Quran is word of Mohamed or the Quran is created by Mohamed such statement is a course from the truth. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Quran link up to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases. In the Quran, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) also speaks about(predicate) the Cerebrum ( ) ( ) (Nay If he (Abu Jahl) ceases not, We will catch him by the forelock (the front plane section of the br ain also known as the pre head-on lobe) (15) A lying, sinful forelock (9615-16) Why does Allah break the front part of the brain to be lying and sinful?In recent research scientists get to found out that the prefrontal lobe actually controls a persons decision making, cognitive behavior, spirit expression, and moderating social behavior (Yang, Y Prefrontal structure). This part of the brain also deals with the origination of thoughts and actions (Miller, Earl the prefrontal cortex). This shows that the prefrontal lobe is the part of the brain that may engage in sinful behavior and entices someone to lie or not. This also shows that the Quran does confirm scientific facts and there is no way an unlettered nomadic Arab man5 in the 7th one C could have known these facts.The pagan Arabs of the 7th century were for the most part isolated from the two great empires6 at that cartridge holder. The two empires did not waste their time in conquering the vast Arabian deserts because of i ts plain and unattractive look. The Arabs had nothing, they didnt have any monuments, and they didnt have masterful pieces of art. Therefore the Arabs of Mecca7 were not much of a concern to the two empires as well the two empires were not willing to s final stage their forces through the dangerous deserts. Thanks to this isolation, the Arabs were able to chastise their spoken language.After a few centuries, the Arabs had shaped their language into an eloquent language where everyman was known to be a poet. The Arabs prided themselves on their language. So much so, they would have tribal battles not with swords but rather their tongues and the losing tribe would be shamed. The pagan Arabs marveled at the amazing speech of the Quran. When a person speaks he is able to organize his thoughts, but a person is incapable of organizing their words based on what they are going to say afterwards .For example, there are two ayahs that are very much the same one ayah states Say (O Muhammad) Allah is decorous as a viewer amid me and you. The other ayah states Say (O Muhammad) Allah is enough between me and you as a witness The difference is sequence, in the first ayah Allah says witness first, and me and you later. The Quran is very sensitive to context, at the end of the first ayah Allah says he is the ever all knower, all seer of his slaves. The ayah ends speaking about Allah, the word witness for Allah is used first so therefore the ayah begins with Allah and ends with Allah.While the second ayah ends with speaking about people it uses between me and you first then witness second. So the ayah begins with speaking about people and ends with speaking with people. So what is about to be said in the future has a consume influence on how words are organized before. Humans are unable to do that. Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) was never known to be a composer of any types of poetry or any other forms of lit. So when they heard this literature they were ama zed. Umar bin Al-Khattab was a great enemy of the prophet.He planned to kill the prophet, but on his way he was informed that his sister had joined the religion. He immediately changed course. Upon arrival he hit his sister. He regretted what he did so asked for the paper she was reading (containing ayahs of the Quran). Once he read it he immediately went to prophet (sallahu alahi wa salaam) and accepted Islam. Umar bin Al-Khattab was a man that was amazed by the Qurans linguistic musical mode and its strong meaning. This is one of the galore(postnominal) men who accepted Islam because of the Qurans amazing speech. The famous Arab grammarian H.Gibb had this to say about the Quran As a literary monument the Koran (referring to the Quran) thus stands by itself, a production unique to the Arabic literature, having neither forerunners nor successors in its own idiom. Muslims of all ages are linked in proclaiming the inimitability not only of its contents but also of its style and in forcing the High Arabic idiom into the expression of new ranges of thought the Koran develops a bold and strikingly effective rhetorical prose in which all the resources of syntactical modulation are exploited with great freedom and originality. John Penrice state That a competent knowledge of the Koran is indispensable as an introduction to the study of Arabic literature will be admitted by all who have advanced beyond the rudiments of the language. From the purity of its style and elegance of its diction it has come to be considered as the standard of Arabic These two men have an understanding of the linguistic excellence of the Quran. Allah says Do they not then consider the Quran carefully? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein many contradictions. (Quran 0482). The Quran contains many palindromes palindromes in many languages kindle only be done with one word. For example, in the English language the word Race motorcar can be wr itten the same backward. In the Quran there are entire sentences that are palindromes. For example, in the Quran, Allah says ( ) Magnify your Lord (Allah) (Quran 743) In conclusion, the Quran has impacted the world in many ways.The Quran was not only sent to the desert Arabs but rather it was sent to all of mankind. Allah sends out a challenge, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) says ( ) And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down (i. e. the Quran) to Our slave (Muhammad pacification be upon him), then produce a Surah of the like thereof and call your witnesses (supporters and helpers) besidesAllah, if you are truthful. (Quran 223) The Quran is a revelation from Allah and it was revealed upon the tongue of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam). The Quran contains many scientific facts ranging from embryology to the purpose of the frontal lobe. All of this presented in a beautiful linguistic form, so much so when the Quran is translated into English, the languages primitive level is unable to display the Qurans linguistic beauty. This renders the English aborigine unable to appreciate the Quran in a way the pagan Arabs of the 7th century were able.The Quran reaches the earn level of eloquence in the Arabic language as well as other languages. The idea of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) being able to go from being a unlettered man to the top author in the Arabic language is impossible on all plains of reality. Therefore, the only logical reason to say is that Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) has received revelation from the Almighty. QURAN A REVELATION? Name Harun O. G personal credit line GLE20 Teacher Ms. Vacar Date April 09, 2011 1sallahu alahi wasalm convey peace be upon him 2 Allah is the Arabic word for God and is preferred(to Muslims) 3 subhanahu wa tala means glorified and exalted be he(Allah) 4 Ayat this is the plural version of Ayah, this word does not have a direct translati on in English but the closest one is verse. In other places in the Quran ayah means signs. 5 According to sources Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wasalm) was a illiterate man 6 Persian and Roman empire 7 Is found in Saudi Arabia and is the holiest city for Muslims

Consulting Services in Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Consulting Services in Information technology EssayBefore discussing the role of consulting service firms in panderment of Information Technology resources and solutions, we will first describe some rules of thumb that dictate the selection process for aforesaid purpose. The underlying rule is the simpler the reform, but this often leads to oversimplification of complex tasks (Braley, 2009) and we must avoid wastage of clock time and resources that occurs delinquent to unnecessary attention to detail. There is a myth that a well-written contract is of primary importance in procurement process. This assumption is not true and leads to a lack of effort in making things go right.Next rule is that one must not sacrifice effectiveness of day to day information collection and other important activities on the assumption that startput is the sole primary concern of the system. order of business of projects must be realistic, which is rarely the case, leading to a myth that pro jects never complete on time (Braley, 2009). Having discussed some of the myths and realities of IS procurement, we will now compare and contrast the approaches of different consultancy firms in selection process. Accenture is a worldwide corporation that offers services in the areas of outsourcing, management consulting and technology (Accenture, 2009).As their rank proposition High Performance. Delivered. suggests, they value constant innovation to perform better and their results show that their commitment to their clients is exemplary. Extensive research is their strongest arm which lets their clients procure the best available solution to their specific problems. Accenture works together with customers, including governments, to help them perform much better (Accenture, 2009). Their 2008 revenues were in excess of $25 Billion and income was around $1. 6 Billion showing strong development from their 2007 results (Wikipedia, 2009).In contrast, Infosys, based in India, has sli ghtly different values but the same quest for excellence. This $4 Billion revenue generating company provides technology-enabled business solutions to help businesses win in a Flat humanness (Infosys, 2009). The term Flat World is of key importance here. Their philosophy of by passing structural issues and minimizing bureaucratic hassle is embedded in this term. Today, they lead worldwide in the next generation of IT and consulting (Infosys, 2009). Their philosophy enables them to use IT to introduce dynamism in a corporation to make it flexible to adapt to rapid changes in todays world.We discussed two successful IT consultants with very different philosophies but one goal to provide their clients with the specific solutions that make them leaders in their fields. Accenture believes in extensive research and harnesses its power, whereas Infosys flattens an organization for timely and stabilizing results. The rules of thumb, that we discussed earlier, are evidently practiced with in both consultancies we discussed. For example, Accenture practices the simplicity rule when it uses research to know incisively what is required by client and the level of understanding of end users.Infosys does not let perfection of RFP lug its flat world dream by putting least emphasis on mere backup and more focus on tangible results. One trend in todays IT merchandise is for more and more IT consultancy firms to venture into solution-builder business themselves (Wikipedia, 2009). This diversifies their market portfolios and increases their customer base. We conclude our discussion by pointing out that the trend mentioned above is good for customers as it provides them complete IT solutions within one roof. Both the consultancies we discussed aim to be that one roof for governments and corporate clients.

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Salvation EssayIn Langston Hughes essay Salvation, the reference recounts how his failure to see Jesus and be outwardly saved results in a deeper, more inspiration revelation that only he and not Jesus can save his soul. Although Hughes devotes much of his essay to parodying the redemption experiences and apparent hypocrisy of other church members, and he tells us that the church building is stuffy, uncomfortable, hot and boring, he abruptly assortments his tone at the shutdown.When he describes how he cried in bed from guilt at having be intimately his repurchase, the reader realizes that Hughes has indeed undergone a powerful spiritual awakening he has been saved from his give hypocrisy. Hughes starts off his essay u infernal regiong apparent irony by saying he was saved from sin when he was going on thirteen. But not really saved. (Hughes 351). This leads us to believe that he is cynical about Christianity, and we should not believe he is about to unde rgo any real spiritual transformation.When he describes having accompanied Auntie Reeds Baptist church when he was not even thirteen years old, we reduce the impression that he is not responsible for taking the experience seriously. At that age, children are impressionable and honest about religion, which they may not understand, because it offers protection at a time when they are already protected and forgiven by their parents for errors they make, or sinful acts. Hughes gives the impression that he is being forced to go to church because of favorable expectations.He is strongly influenced by his friend Westley, who does not hide his real reason for stick aroundting baptized, which is to get out of that hot, stuffy church and get on with his adolescence. Westley tells Hughes divinity damn Im deteriorate o sitting here. Lets get up and be saved Hughes (351). Westleys ironic and comical interjection aptly sums up Hughes view of how the salvation process works in the judic ial decision of an adolescent just do it and get it over with to make your elders happy, because its all a play anyway.It is only when Hughes aunt Reed comes and sobs at his side and is summoned by the minister that Hughes begins to break down Hughes (351). In paragraph 11, Hughes states Now it was really getting late. I began to be ashamed of myself, holding everything up so long. I began to wonder what God thought about Westley who certainly hadnt seen Jesus either, but who was instanter sitting proudly on the programme. So I decided that maybe to save merely trouble, Id better lie, too, and say that Jesus had come, and get up and be saved. So I got up Hughes (352).Here, Hughes discovers that the mere physical act of rising in response to his summons has begun to change him internally. He may not yet see Jesus, but he certainly sees and feels the effects of what he has done Suddenly the entire room broke into a sea of shouting, as they saw me rise. Waves of cheer swept the p lace. Women leaped in the air. My aunt threw her harness around me. The minister took me by the hand and led me to the platform.. joyous singing filled the room. Hughes (352). To Hughes, Jesus may as well be in the arms of his beloved aunt as in the God damn of his cocky pal Westley.He finds salvation in the spirit of the moment, and it feels good, if not a little confusing. Towards the end of the story in paragraph 15, Langston begins to watch what he has done wrong and feels emotionally distraught and full of neglect in his actions. He has fooled everyone into accept that he had found Jesus Christ. The only reason why he went up to the podium in the first place was to seek a way out sitting on the pews all twenty-four hours at church being told by the church elders, youll be damned if you dont rue and be baptized etc.Later on that night, Langston felt not only pressured into doing this but a sense of self actualization that he wanted to truly find Jesus, but in the end he en ded up not only hurting himself, but the rest of his family for lying the intact time about his true feelings and the reason why he was in bed crying that whole night. Hughes writes, I couldnt bear the fact that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, and I hadnt seen Jesus, and that this instant I didnt believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didnt come befriend me, Hughes (352).This passage provides a vivid explanation of his outlook on those around him and how he betrayed himself into lying for the interest of God. Hughes sadness and lack of faith came from those around him who kept on pressuring him to accept Jesus Christ into his heart. In the end, he appears to have turned away from God because he didnt believe, rather he looked on the outside and not from within being only that he was twelve and naive.However, the fact that he undergoes much(prenominal) a transformation into self-doubt and remorse at having liednot just to himself and to everyone els ebut perhaps also to that notion of God as presented to him in Church. What Hughes sees as his own hypocrisy can also be interpreted as his own salvation not from a traditional baptism of water and spirit and rebirth, but of his own divide of remorse as he realizes he has been baptized into adulthood and the burdens of truth and consequence that are unavoidable for Langston Hughes Salvation.

morality of capital punishment Essay Example for Free

worship of capital penalty Essay1) How would Kant reason with the religion of capital penalty? Describe how deontological ethics would determine whether it is morally permissible Kant is an advocate of the idea that the ethics of an coiffureion is to be determined non by the extent of the pleasure or pain an act produces. Consider for example the imposition of capital penalization. According to Kant, if the utility of imposing capital punishment go divulge be our guide then we leave alone be doing a serious crime against hu soldieryity. Justice will not be served if we will subject to capital punishment a convict simply because we consume to deter crime, incapacitate the criminal and protect the parliamentary law. Instead, capital punishment should be imposed because the soul is guilty. It mustiness be stressed that Kant upheld the right of the state to impose capital punishment against those proven guilty of committing atrocious crimes. He however argued that the sole criterion and standard should be his guilt and that the punishment should be symmetric to the crime committed.That reason for this is that when a person commits a crime against an separate it is as if he is grave the whole world that he wants to be treated the same way. According to Kant, If you slander another, you slander yourself if you steal from another, you steal from yourself if you strike another, you strike yourself if you kill another, you kill yourself. (Immanuel Kant, the Right of Punishing) This is the principle otherwise known as the right of retaliation or Jus Talionis. This is actually a restatement of Kants Deontological Ethics known as the flat Imperative.This is the principle that morality is based on pure reason which is in the nature of an absolute command. Kant states that mask only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. (Garth Kemerling) If a person decides to do something to another the n he does this thinking that the same should be a universal law. In effect murderers are saying that this is how people should be treated, including himself. Thus, if a person commits murder then he must also die. There is no other substitute for such a heinous crime except capital punishment.It is only by taking away the animation of the person who committed the crime of murder that justice will be restored. 2. How would Mill determine if capitol punishment is morally justified? Describe how Utilitarian Ethics would determine whether capitol punishment is morally permissible Mill, on the other hand, argued that state-sanctioned punishment is justified because of its utility. There is only one standard in determining the morality for the imposition of capital punishment that is its consequence. If capital punishment will most likely produce the sterling(prenominal) balance of happiness over unhappiness then the punishment is justified.But if there are other options that would pr oduce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness, then that option should be chosen and the imposition of capital punishment is unjustified. In simpler terms, the idea is that if we weigh the positive effects of capital punishment as against its negative effects and the positive effects outweighs the negative ones then it has to be imposed. This theory passably looks forward and determines the positive impact of the act to the society. According to Mill, capital punishment is the most humane punishment possible for someone who has committed a heinous crime.A quick and painless death is incessantly better than working in hard labor while in prison for the rest of the career of the convict, to wit What comparison can there really be, in point of severity, between consigning a man to the short pang of a rapid death, and immuring him in a living tomb, there to linger out what may be a long life in the hardest and most monotonous toil, without any of its alleviations or rewardsd ebarred from all pleasant sights and sounds, and cut off from all earthly hope, except a slight moderateness of bodily restraint, or a small improvement of diet. (John Stuart Mill) Capital Punishment is also beneficial for the society because it deters the commission of the crime not only by the convict himself but by other persons as well. It sends a clear message to would-be murderers that the state has a strong policy against crime. Although it may not be able to deter all hardened criminals, but it is capable of preventing persons other than criminals from committing crimes.Capital punishment will also provide a closure to the agony of the relatives of the victims and satisfy their grievance for their relative. Conclusion some(prenominal) philosophers argue in favor of the morality of capital punishment. Their conclusions are the same only that their premises detonate from different end. For Kant, capital punishment should be allowed against those who commit heinous crimes si mply because they are guilty. For Mill, capital punishment should be imposed because it is better for the convict and the society as well.

The Modern Prometheus Essay Example for Free

The Modern Prometheus EssaySuch is the subtitle that accompanies bloody shame Shelleys classic, Frankenstein. Weve all heard of the famous behemoth created by Dr. Victor Frankenstein. But, not many feel why the story is subtitled, Or, The Modern Prometheus. In fact, many may not even make the companionship to the story of the ancient Greek god who brought fire to humans, his own excogitation, and was perennially punished for it. However, rhetorical analytic thinking reveals quite a few similarities between the characters, and proves Shelleys subtitle to be accurate. Both stories deal with events of overstepping limits, approximate consequences, and lessons learned, which contribute to the overall basis of dont go against the rules of nature thereby validating the Prometheus allusion.The topic of overstepping limits stands out as one of the most obvious similarities in both stories. Victor Frankenstein was obsessed with unlocking the mysteries of creation. He expresses t his by saying, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of cosmos into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet.For Frankenstein, this is an immoral act that goes against all the laws of nature, as he is in no position to be performing this practice. He is overstepping his limits as a person by performing the action of an immortal essentially, hes playing God. Shelley uses this as an allusion to the allegory of Prometheus. Prometheus was affectionate of his creation, man. For them, he stole fire from the heavens and gifted it to them, much to Zeuss dismay. present as tumefy, Prometheus overstepped his limits by taking from a higher deity, just as Frankenstein did in a varied way. Shelley uses this allusion to show that both characters make water gone farther than their morals dictate, both through the underlying theme of creation. Blinded by their ambition towards creation, they both went against the laws of nature Frankenstein through the actual practice of creation, and Prometheus through gifting the fire. By overstepping their limits, both Frankenstein and Prometheus have set themselves up for some severe repercussions to their actions.Of course, disturbing the laws of nature has some moderately harsh consequences. Both characters endure punishment for their actions. After abandoning his creation, Dr. Frankenstein is tormented by the monster murdering his brother, William. Frankenstein finds this out via a letter, in which his father exclaims, William is dead That sweet child, whose smiles delighted and warmed my heart, who was so gentle, yet so comical Victor, he is murderedFrankensteins torture continues as the monster murders more of his loved ones, including his friend, Henry, and his wife, Elizabeth.This ends up being another allusion to Prometheus as after finding out he stole fire from the gods, Zeus sentenced Prometheus to eternal punishment. He was to be bound to a rock and have his liver pecked out. His liver grew back individually day, so he would have to endure this for all of eternity. Shelley uses this allusion to forward the point that one must corroborate for breaking the laws of nature. Her allusion emphasizes that breaking these rules are fundamentally wrong, and that the perpetrators must pay for their wrongdoings.Through their misery, both characters learn their lesson, with from each one character being tested in a different way. Frankenstein is put into a situation where he is asked to craft a mate for his monster, but at the last minute destroys his new creation. The mental measly he endured from his first creation killing his loved ones taught him to think twice before tampering with something he rearnot control. This too is a cleverly crafted allusion to Prometheus, as Zeus ordered one of the gods to create a fair sex of stunning beauty, who was also capable of lies and deceit. He offered this goddess, Pandora, to Prometheus as a companion.However, Prometheus refuse d this gift, knowing only too well that nothing good would come to him from the gods.He learned not to take any more things from the gods. This allusion shows that the characters have indeed realized that sack against nature can only have adverse effect, and emphasizes the point that going against these fundamental laws is wrong and immoral. They realize that ignorance towards these laws can have painful consequences, and that its just not worth(predicate) it. Frankenstein had to learn this the hard way, as did Prometheus.In conclusion, Mary Shelleys allusions to the Legend of Prometheus in her novel, Frankenstein, are alone valid and both apply to breaking the laws of nature. Both characters were involved with creation and suffered the consequences. After enduring gruelling mental and physical punishment, each character also proved that they learned a valuable lesson. We can see that Frankenstein is a modern retelling of the Legend of Prometheus. Time and time again, Frankenst ein is tortured by the adverse effects of creating life, and learns that going against the laws of nature can only lead to pain and suffering. He proves this by refusing to finish his monsters bride, just as Prometheus refused to take Pandora from Zeus. Indeed, Mary Shelleys decision to subtitle her book, Or, The Modern Prometheus is clutch and allusive.

Explain what is meant by globalisation Essay Example for Free

Explain what is meant by globalisation Essayglobalization involves the increased interdependence/reliance of countries. It is the increasing integration of the world delivery into a single international market due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of pileus and technology.Globalisation implies that goods atomic number 18 being manufactured abroad and that there is to a greater extent prominent international trade. This is shown through and through the rise in exports and imports. For mannequin, UK exports as a percentage of gross domesticated product have more than doubled in the post-war period. Globalisation welcomes virgin technology and means that countries are less inward looking.In general, globalisation increases as time goes on and develops along with changing objectives and advances in technology. It is non a new phenomenon.Especially during the last 25 years, more and more areas of the world economy have been brought into the competitive m arket.Globalisation, on the whole offers huge scope to improve the efficient allocation of resources and derive the benefits of international trade. It is fuelled by trade, ordure of factors of production, the increasing number of Multi-National Corporations and the new technology.There are four main factors that have contributed to globalisation in recent years.Firstly, there is the sluttishr social movement of goods and services between countries. This is known as unloosen trade and theoretically each country should concentrate in the production of those products in which is has absolute advantages, the greatest comparative advantages or the least comparative disadvantages.Free trade is promoted internationally and regionally by a number of avocation blocs and organisations like so called world wide clubs and regional clubs. The most important and relevant one is credibly the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO has pushed along globalisation because it discusses trade iss ues, establishes agreed rules and takes appropriate measures when these rules have been broken. It has one hundred thirty+ members and membership is conditional on the grounds that countries must follow trade policies of a broadly free trading nature.The other main trading bloc is the EU. It has helped globalisation because it enjoys a single bills that throw out unites and integrates the current 15 members. The EU allows the liberty of inter-member movement with goods, services and labour alike.Free trade has put out to globalisation in recent years because countries can enjoy exports and imports of great quality and lower prices. Globalisation is also about improving current economic situations, and if consumers are satisfied then they tend of strike down more, hence generating a larger amount of money in the economy which in turn inspires eventide more globalisation.Another factor which has led to the process of increased globalisation is the freer movement of the factors o f production, i.e. land, labour, capital, enterprise. If we first examine the physical capital like tools, infrastructure and raw materials in the knightly it was more convenient for a country to just make use of its own resources. It was either extremely expensive or not allowed for these to move about. But since deregulation, freer movement of factors of production exists.Deregulation is basically when the government removes rules and in effect removes barriers to entry, for example perhaps abolishing a tariff on certain imports.In terms of money capital, in the past there was the issue of exchange control, whereby there was a maximum on the amount of a currency you could carry about. This too has been deregulated, and this along with the decrease in bureaucracy and removal of red tape has enabled remote investment to occur, spurring on globalisation.This freer movement of factors of production, which includes capital and labour mobility has led to globalisation as several(pre dicate) countries resources has sound open to the world market. The United Arab Emirates, for example, exports a large amount of aluminium and generates a commodious sum of money from this. However, to do this is has to obtain bauxite (the raw material) and this is possible because of the freer movement of factors of production.The 3rd factor is the freer movement of firms more specifically globalisation has been led by the growth of Multi-national Corporations (MNCs). They are such an integral break dance of globalisation that the sales of MNCs such as General Motors and Ford exceed the entire gross domestic product of many countries.A Multi-national corporation is a company that has significant production operations in at least two countries, e.g. Starbucks or Sony. These large firms exist because of economies of scale, marketing, and lots of political power.MNCs help globalisation because without them there would be far less trade and innovation. MNCs have increased the amount of world fruit significantly and this has improved living standards throughout. MNCs create new jobs in other countries, giving rise to probability for the country they are operating in, and generating money for their own country.Multi-national corporations and globalisation is inevitably leading to a displacement in production from the First World to the Third World, where labour is cheaper. This is an example of globalisation as countries become more interdependent on each other.Finally, the last main factor that has contributed to globalisation is the prominence of march on technology. This includes communication, the Internet, computers, etc. engineering science is tied in with the other factors that have led to globalisation. The dramatic improvement in communications during the second half of the twentieth century has especially helped globalisation and MNCs. Falling airfares, the Internet, the fax machine, digitalisation and computers especially have meant that the move ment of people and the transmission of information and ideas is easier and more cost-effective than ever before. Technology has reaped massive economies of scale and efficiency benefits for firms today, particularly as we live in an era where many things are computerised.Technology has made it more convenient to manage large firms and permit the movement of factors of production and free trade. The significant reductions in constraints on the international movement of goods and capital emphasise the attitudes of people today evolving towards a more liberal outlook, and this in itself mirrors globalisation.

Health as a human right Essay Example for Free

Health as a human right EssayThe sight recent advancement in preventive, primary rise upness wield, early intervention programs, coordinated considerablyness plow trials in Australia as rise a the population come upness developments engender tried to explore the opening night of changing the current emphasis of health fretting from the responsive acute care to the more than unified system where the entire whole population is managed for the well beingness of all (Michael2003). In this concept it is hence generally put oned that a bulky deal of the illnesses experienced in the communities are prevent competent or undersurface be managed in a more constructive port rather than the way it has been up to today. From this view therefore, much of the disabling illnesses need not occur but rather be avoided through the better managed models, modus vivendi changes and education programs (Hugh 2003). Health and eudaemonia In this modern world that is becoming more a nd more vocation oriented, the idea of prevention rather than cure seems to be more appealing due to the fictitious character of feel that the respective(prenominal) leads as well as the health outcomes in general (Flowers 2002). A costly health care is avoided when prevention is given the first priority while at the same time back up the community to better understand how to live a more fulfilling life sentence (Keyes 2002).The opposite to prevention would to keep up to do to the emerging health problems at a much more expense and to and so accept that a great amount of GDP would be spent on health care not forgetting that this would degrade the quality of life that the citizen lead. It is in this light therefore that the concept of a better sustainable natural health environment turns out to be even more appealing hence carrying a greater part of the community priorities (Hugh 2003).This calls for a greater consumer participation where the awareness of what supports a hea lthy/ varicose modus vivendi is taught to all. But though very attractive, one realistically questions if this is a workable context (Michael2003). It has been notable that the social inequality is increasingly characterizing the Australian society and therefrom the main concern here is that the frugality may not be able in the future to support the living standards that the Australians are use to (Richard2002). For the rural communities, the problems seem be doubled.In the rural communities, the wealthiness that they utilize to create is diminishing and what used to be the rural production in Australia is now continuously being replaced with a dominating mineral industry. It was only until the early 1980s that agricultural products used to be the single roughly important pedigree of income for most of the Australian community. The rapid growth of the mineral industry has replaced agriculture to an extent that the earnings from archeological site nearly double those from ag riculture (Hugh 2003).This reduced generation of income in the rural community implies that the distribution of wealth will definitely be affected (Flowers 2002). Some observers have linked a sustainable miserliness to a sustainable health. Australia is however still not yet a nation that does recognize the great importance of linking the wellbeing of the general community to the economic activities (Smart and Sanson 2005). Though this be the case, the European population could perhaps be regarded as the healthiest population as it extols a life expectancy of over 80 long time (Keyes 2002).Good health and expanding economies are two ideas that are mutually compatible and thus are able to co-exist though this is not yet achieved. From this perception thus, a principle of sustainability in an environmental and economic common sense sack up be generated and be considered to apply both equally to the ideology of shaping the health care system as well as coming up with a preventive approach to the wellbeing of the community (Hugh 2003). The Australian health system has like the education system become institutionalized and thus does no longer serve the community needs (Flowers 2002).In this regard, it is no longer able to respond to the values of as well as aspirations of the people but on the centrally alienates them from the control of their birth values and consciousness (Keyes 2002). This has been the case since when the health system are under the control of institutions, then(prenominal) the function of the individual to determine how they exists inwardly these structure is lost and with this cordial of loss, such society ills as crisscross cannot be avoided (Michael2003). It is within these communities where a strong move towards an economically rational view of capital as well as of service provision is upheld (Richard2002).In this view when the health system is seen as a marketable good just any sector such as education, then the view of victor ious health care to be a public good cannot be put in question. From the human race health Organization, health is defined as the state of complete mental, physical, social well being and thus not just the absence of an infirmity or disease (Smart and Sanson 2005). Since most of the modern perspective is financially found, then even the health system is planed from this perspective.It is not possible to attain the vision of a well society while at the same time one is not realistically considering the all elements that would be required to make such a realization a possibility (Hugh 2003). It is within the human rights exemplar where the guidance of how to respond to the public health challenges is supposed to come from. Wellbeing is often measure interms of gladness in life and enjoyment (Richard2002). Wellbeing is actually about having and maintaining a meaning in life being able to fulfill our potential and thus feel that our lives are a worthwhile.Our subjective or personal wellbeing is usually determined by our genes, social conditions, personal choices and circumstances as well as the complex modal value in which all of these interact with one another (Flowers 2002). By modify our personality, genes influence our wellbeing. This could thus translate to such traits as neuroticism and extraversion that are all associated with a lower and higher wellbeing respectively (Keyes 2002). Since the genetic influences here are not immutable or fixed, they are frequently shaped by the environment, upbringing, general conditions of life and the personal experiences.In regard to health, most of the characteristic and qualities that are related to the wellbeing of a person are also related to the health of the individual. Thus wellbeing has been regarded as one that does play a central role in enhancing health through the direct effect in such processes as the immune system, physiology, diet, exercise, drinking, smoking and other lifestyle behavior (Michael2003). The question of what cause what then emerges (Hugh 2003). A human right approach Human rights can be considered from two levels. First from the international system of treaties and from a conceptual framework that shapes the action (Richard2002).In Australia, the Consumers Health Forum of Australia (CHF) is what is concerned with the voicing the concerns of health consumers. Being an independent non-governmental organization it mainly shapes the Australian health system by having the consumers involved in the health policies (Smart and Sanson 2005). If the health sector and the wellbeing of the citizens is taken from a wider view, then it is possible to invest more resources in a more effective manner so as to optimize these benefits to the whole community (Flowers 2002).Adopting this concept would require the identification of some of the severalize elements that would encompass a healthy society from which it would be expected that health individuals would live in. some of thes e concepts embarrass but are not limited to1. recognizing the impact and role of work in the wellbeing of the individuals. 2. enhancing more consumer participation and improving community education. 3. Coming up with policies that will enhance a healthy sustainable environment both social and natural. 4. ecognizing the major role that the lifestyle choice plays in enhancing the community as well as individuals wellbeing. 5. implementing early prevention and intervention programs in a more extensive manner rather than having to wait to have endpoint interventions. 6. promoting the idea of having to a lead a qualitative kind of life as opposed to the quantitative view. Such a approach to a sustainable health system will be a gradual process. Many of the factors that contribute to the well being of the individual are interrelated (Michael2003).The relationship between these factors are in most cases reciprocal. A good poser is the observation that happier people are more likely than the depressed sad families to do better work, have more friends, and even earn higher income. The interrelation of these factors with well being are quite clear. As work offer purpose in life, unemployment is associated with a loss of income. Other factors such as being religious offer a good flow of social connections, sense of purpose, spiritual support and a moral code that eventually sums up to the wellbeing of the person (Hugh 2003).The lack of one of these factors sometime is equilibrise though partly by the presence of the other. It has been estimated that an average Australian rates their satisfaction and general happiness to about 75 per cent. Of late, the Australian government has stated that a growing strong economy is their main responsibility and goal. Economic growth has in the past been associated with the indicators of better health, wellbeing and a high quality of life. In this regard, it is globally accepted that money matters most as it does help people to meet t heir staple needs (Flowers 2002). The link between health, law and human rights.Health systems in all sectors of life can be analyzed for the impact they have on equality, human dignity and freedom as well as how effective they are in treating or preventing disease or ill health (Smart and Sanson 2005). The sloshed association that is there between law and health is rarely fully appreciated by the health care providers (Hugh 2003). The law and in particular that which is mainly concerned with the provision of human rights should be well understood by the health care providers who are usually reluctant to engage in it so as to be better placed to improve health care quality (Michael2003).If this is to be achieved then the following need to be achieved 1. Ensure that all persons are empowered as well as informed to make responsible decisions regarding medical care and treatment on the basis of a real informed consent. 2. Take all appropriate administrative and legislative measures t o procure that all people enjoy the right of attaining the highest possible health standard without any form of discrimination. 3. take all administrative measures to ensure that access to healthcare facilities is made possible to all persons (Flowers 2002).Conclusion Just like the wider economic system, health care is increasingly becoming concerned with prevention, sustainability, early intervention as well as the long management of the wellbeing of its citizens. This would imply having to move health care issues beyond the reactionary crisis that is mainly based on acute care model and thus in its place have a more integrated program that is based on preventive care. This can be accomplished on the experience that health is usually a function of various environmental and social variables.To prevent the health care from collapsing in the future due to the heavy weight of acute care needs, health professional essential become more involved in the education, community care, self -management, prevention as well enhance the consumer authorization processes. It is worth noting much of the illnesses today in the health sector such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the respiratory diseases are all preventable or manageable if not totally preventable and thus it is within the realistic aim to lessen the burden.