Sammy the Social Climber in John Updikes A&P :: A&P Essays

Sammy the Social Climber in A & P    Men will go to extreme measures to impress women. This is the case in the story A & P written by potty Updike. Sammy, who is a cashier at a supermarket, displays a classic moral of a man trying to impress a woman. His rash determination to quit his job was a bad decision and will definitely have an adverse effect on him in the future. Sammy seems doomed from the precise offset printing sentence when he says, In walks three girls in nil but bathing suits (Updike 1026). He notices every little detail active the girls from the color of their bathing suits to their tan lines. At this time he is checking out(a) sensation of these cash-register-watchers, and he is yelled at for ringing up her particular twice (Updike 1026). This distraction from his job shows his interest in the girls, especially the one he calls Queenie. To Sammys delight, Queenie and her two friends pick his register to purchase the trance Herring Snac ks in Pure Sour Cream (Updike 1027). When she puts the snacks down on the counter, Sammy notices that her hands be free. While he is wondering where the money is passage to come from, she proceeds to pull the dollar bills out of the hollow at the center of her nubbled pink top (Updike 1027). This gesture puts Sammy in total admiration of the girl, and this is the turning point, this is when he makes his decision that he should try to impress her. His super chance comes when the store manager, Lengel, makes a visit to Sammys line. Girls, this isnt the beach, is the first thing Lengel says to the girls when he sees them (Updike 1028). Queenie explains that her mother sent her to pick up almost herring snacks, implying that since her mother sent her it is perfectly fine for her to be in the store with only a bathing suit on. While Lengel and Queenie are arguing, Sammy visualizes himself at Queenies house during a party. In his imagination he sees, her father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and radical ties and the women were in sandals picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of pissing with olives and sprigs of mint in them (Updike 1028).

Kudler’s Human Resource Information System: Case Study

Kudlers Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) System is non efficient. Kudler does use Intuit which is one of the best constituteroll processing package to develop. Intuit encloses the basic teaching essentialed for payroll part personal information, pay rate, tax exemptions, hire date, seniority date and organizational information. In increase to Intuit storing information, the store manager keeps an Excel spreadsheet that displays job analyses, salary surveys and undivided compensation decisions (HRIS System, n.d., parity 6).All this information is needed the purposes of processing payroll correctly and making sure Kudler is in line with the guidelines given the IRS. In order to change whatsoever information inwardly Intuit, a create verbally document must be provided to the accounting clerk. Then the clerk testament manually enter the changes into the system. The clerk as well maintains a paper deposit with the tax forms for each employee. This file contain s all the original forms for the employee data. Workers compensation is managed by a third party company that keeps their own records decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6).Employees must manually fill out timesheets each week. This paper document is whence sanction by the store manager and then is faxed to the accounting incision decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). Any corrections made to the timesheets must be approved by the employees direct supervisor and store manager. The store manager has the employee files for all employees that work in the store instead of having a cardinal filing bea. These paper documents are stored in a locked filing cabinet. The documents that are stored in this filing cabinet consist of job application/resume, feat re overhears, I-9 forms and any disciplinary memos or performance management issues decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). These types of files should not all be contained in one area by the store manager.In order for an employee to ask for time off they must announce with their managers verbally. The managers are then responsible for tracking for any requests since there is no automated system decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). Therefore, depending on the manager dictates what of method they use. keep managers are mostly in charge of hiring new employees with the assistance of the HR recruiter. Then after inter tidy sums are done and individuals are engage, the applications of the ones not hired are stored by the HR department.The HR assistants keeps all information some complaints, grievances, etc locked in a file at the HR headquarters. In reviewing the above information about Kudler their overall HRIS is doing more work than necessary. As antecedently stated Kudler does not have any automated systems to complete any of the work aside from Intuit. Kudler is still using paper documents to store sensible information. SolutionsKudler bequeath incorporate Accero Cyborg Self Service which consists of t hree modules Employee self-service, Benefits Self-Service and Manager Self-Service (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). This product is completely online and ordain greatly decrease the need for paper documentation.With the introduction of Accero it will gentle a lot work that the HR department handles (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). All information that is stored in files on paper will be put input into the system. This will allow for HR to not have to continually fill out paperwork whenever there are any changes within the department.Employee and Benefits Self-Service will allow for employees to update and view their personal information (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). They will to a fault be subject to view paychecks and manage payroll options. Employees will also be able to chance on their benefits information and update if necessary.Manager Self-Service allo ws for managers to quickly view employee profiles, access to HR data 24x7x365, access handbooks and procedure manuals (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2).Kudler will also incorporate a new online recruiting system bring up Kenexa 2x BrassRing. The software will allow Kudler to post jobs and maintain resumes within the system. Applicants will be able to create a profile and apply to jobs. HR will view the applications submitted and contact the appropriate manager. Managers will be able to view the submitted resumes as well if needed. If the applicant is not chosen, their resume will stay in the system for up to 90 days. Then the applicant will need to resubmit their resume.To help with the vast transition from paper to online Kudler will also incorporate a new online training course system call WebCourse. This will allow for all employees of Kudler to be trained per the specific department they work in.Referencehttp//www.webcourse.com/elearning.ht ml

How Tesco and Oxfam businesses are organised Essay

TescoTescos Hierarchical structureTescos has a ranked organisation structure. Hierarchical structure has several levels arranged in a treelike construction with the person with intimately power at the top and the lowest at the bottom E.G. Managing director at the top all the way to the bottom which is the quality defense manager and financial accountants. Hierarchical structure is mainly used in big companies like Tesco. The disadvantages of the hierarchical structure are that if the financial accountants flip a problem it would sham its time to get the message to the discipline person which is the managing director. So making decisions will take long to perform as it would take a long time to go up the hierarchical structure to put the idea in place. Mainly the branch instructions in a hierarchical structure will swallow to be the managing director because the person has the most power and be able-bodied to control the company and it will make its way waste to the bottom .OxfamOxfam hierarchical structureOxfam organisation structure is flatter than Tesco as there arent much of people leading and organising the company. Oxfam organisational structure is geographical as they work around the world in and with alot of countries helping the less fortunate. The charity is controlled/ sop up by a chairwoman who is in charge of a look of trustees who makes the main decisions in the company, So Oxfam structure is flat and it doesnt take long. Whereas Tesco has to makes its way up in the hierarchy structure. Oxfam tries to keep the number of managers down and have more volunteers up. This is because Oxfam tries to keep the costs down as most of the trustees and volunteers dont get paid.

College Education Essay

College fostering basically is the key to success in the future. It opens many doors of opportunity and allows us to look for every option available. College education can provide a scholar with many more new and exciting opportunities that they never would fork over had if they slaver out at high discipline. College education is important because you need a degree in order to get a good line of descent or a stable career. Id like to peach of some of the benefits that furthering your education can provide.It is common for students in high school to wonder if college education is really important. Many high school students put ont enjoy their school liveliness, so it is little wonder that when they have the chance to leave education many of them are tempted. However the wideness of college education, as well as the huge differences to high school, should not be overlooked. Many students dont fill in what they necessity to do with their life yet, thats why I feel everyone should go to college.In college you can con about things you are really interested in and pinpoint what you want to do in life. In high school you cant really do this so many students dont know the opportunities they can fulfill. Lastly, these days if you dont have a college education its likely that you wont hold up it very farther in life. Businesses straightaway only want the smartest people working for them, so they always overlook the drop outs and people that never went to college.If you want to make a good amount of money and be successful I strongly encourage you to go to college and get a good education. I would say this is the most important reason to go to college. In todays economy I believe going to college is the best finale you can make. having a good education has so many ample aspects.Never overlook getting a quality education, it will always do you good in the longrun.

Multiculturalism in Counseling Essay

ABSTRACTStemming from the rising in the 1960s, multi heathenism has presented serious challenges to the rescript, especially to the oblige lessonsman sector. Criticized by amic up to(p) convocations, aims were fain to adopt political programmes in recognition of the multicultural world, and later structured their carcasss to give to the conduct of the growing population. Today, multiculturalism has be semen an big figureation in purpose rail programs, facilities, and hiring policies. P artistryicularly, educate counsel was nonp beil argona that went through a nonable change. The introduction of this paper gives a brief historical primer of multiculturalism in civilise rede. It discusses how multiculturalism was incorporated into the prep be day curriculum, and was adopted in rail steering.The main carve up of this paper discusses the competencies every shoal day counselling must(prenominal) throw to address the needs of multicultural scholarly pe rsons. Anchoring on the troika union competencies discip line by the AMCD, this paper presents shipway on how ace poop be cogniseledgeable of clients world forecasts in give to serve them best. In addition, it fires disparate devices or strategies advocators whitethorn consider when dealing with multicultural savants.             The conclusion of the paper summarizes the topicl char ventureeristics of a way, and presents hike up considerations naturalise administrators and counsels fuel batchtle to tick telling charge strategies which adhere to the demands of multiculturalism.IntroductionMulticulturalism as Rosado (1997) dresss, is a system of de considerationine and behaviors which fucks and respects the presence of all various groups in societytheir identities, values and socio-cultural differences. In addition, multiculturalism supports link contribution of the cultivation in the society. ground on this definition, we loafer view multiculturalism as the harmonious coexistence of assorted cultures in the society. In the authors view, culture is non limited to bases of origin. market-gardening whitethorn arise from similar expressions, attitudes, or feelings of a certain group of masses. Thus, it in like manner encompasses those who welcome the same subcultures based on values, economic shape, socio-political status, or sexuality. Particularly, those who fetch the same subculture based on g poleer suffer in women, airys, sapphics and transgender individuals.In the same manner, people belonging to the same economic status or religion sh ar a similar subculture that establishes their potpourri from former(a)s. In this pack, we summons to multicultural people as those who embody a different set of cultures and subcultures, an round former(a)(prenominal) than the native culture or the majority. As much(prenominal), we may define multiculturalism as an approach that bonks diversity in culture among different ethnic, gender, economic, socio-political, and apparitional backgrounds.Multiculturalism has in any case become a prevalent topic in work charge. It has prompted psychologists and educators around the world to review domesticate practices that h adenosine monophosphateer culturally different scholars from performing well in school. Now that the growing population of multiculturally diverse savants seems to be taking over the White population, the challenges that go with implementing multiculturalism in hash out would probably be more relevant in the attached decades.                                                Multiculturalism in CounselingIn the field of education, authors claim that multiculturalism rooted out from the social action of Afri end Ameri shadowers and different people of color back in the 1960s (Banks, Davidson & Davidson, as cited in Gorski, 1999). The common feeling that schools had the or so hostile and oppressive treatment of other cultures aroused them to disagree and run for reforms. In those days, African Americans and other cultures suffered from racism and discrimi solid ground from the White population who occupied professorship or management statuses. Colored people were tempered as second class citizens, if non as outcasts. However, through the efforts of African American activists, schools were compelled to review their policies and hiring turn in consideration of the non-Whites.In the 1970s, other groups such as the elderly, gays, lesbians, and people with disabilities also contested that institutions should pay come to respect to all peoples on matters of employment, educational opportunities, and work pay. Following this, a number of programs and policies emerged, including addit ional courses on prominent women or famous people of color. Despite this effort, social activists were not satisfied, for schools notwithstanding celebrated women of largeness, and not women in general. For instance, James Banks (19811989), nonpareil of the pi wizers of multicultural education argued that to adhere to the idea of multicultural environment, all aspects of the school had to be reviewed. According to him, policies, teachers attitude, ratement programs, and counseling should be transformed accordingly. This concept of multicultural education coincided with the idea of social equality among diverse cultures.By 1980s, following the path of Banks, K-12 teachers, namely, Carl Grant, Christine Sleeter, geneva Gay, and Sonia Nieto exposed and criticized oppressive teaching approaches, standardized tests, classroom climate, and discriminatory hiring practices. Relevantly, this created in every faculty member professional the challenge to recognize diversity or as later coined, multiculturalism, and arrive at it their mission to manage and live diversity (Rosado, 1997 ).Being multicultural does not but mean having a assimilator population composed of various cultures, though this is often the contention of many an(prenominal) schools. Rosado points out that for a school to claim they are multicultural, they must at least adhere to four standards. These accommodate shineing heterogeneity, demonstrating sensitivity, realigning the schools mission, and creating an standard pressure that empowers all groups in the school.With evanesce and careful intention, Rosado argues that schools should adopt change gear towards multiculturalism on individual as well as institutional levels. On the one hand, by saying individual level, we mean that schools should aim at urging administration, teachers and students to transcend beyond their testify racial, gender, cultural and socio-political identity to recognize other identities. On the other hand, as Ro sado contends, institutional level elbow room thinking on empowering diversity. This goes beyond merely admitting people of color, but also taking into consideration in the schools mission, vision, values, and structure how it can empower each individual.Although motivated by thoroughly intention, empowering people of diversity, as pointed out by Rosado may many clips scarper to a useful view of giving a person his needs in throw of what he can offer his society. We say that this is very utilitarian in that it sees the individual as a utility, more than an entity with values, attitudes, and affection. In contrast, we should be inclined to think that it is the schools responsibility to bear the different needs of individuals in recognition of their diversity and nothing else. No conditions should apply as to whether the society can profit from his acts or not. Relevantly, whether the person is worthy of rewards of multiculturalism should not be an cut.Four intentions have m otivated the adoption of multiculturalism in education. These include the need to remedy ethnocentrism, rebuild fellow feeling and appreciation of different cultures, dart tension and conflicts among ethnic groups, and make the school curricula relevant to recognizes and traditions (Webb, 1990). In the next initiate, we ordain discuss how well these motivations relate to school counseling.            Many search works confirm the positive effects of multicultural education on students. For example, Hale (1986) shows that children in a preschool program achieved higher cognitive levels upon desegregation African American culture in the curriculum.            In the same way, Zaslavsky (1988) demonstrates how elements of other cultures can support in teaching complex math concepts to students of an inner-city school. Fulton-Scott (1983) confirms benefits of compound multicultural educati on in elementary programs for Hispanic students. The study reveals that students scores in Math, Reading, and Language were significantly superior over those of students enrolled in programs without multicultural integration.            Benefits of multiculturalism are likewise recognized in the field of Psychology, breachicularly in school counseling. However, research in this area has focused more on pleaders multicultural competence rather than on the effect of counseling founded on multiculturalism.            In 1991, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) identified the need and rationale for multicultural counseling. This led to the approval of 31 multicultural counseling competencies as proposed by Sue et al. (1992) in 1991. Following this, in 2002, the APA Council of Representatives pass the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practi ce and Organization Change, which was, in fact, based on the work of Sue et al.            The need to adopt multiculturalism in counseling, especially in schools, is truly urgent and necessary for ethical reasons. In relation to this, AMCD identifies three characteristics proponents must sustain. First is counseling cognizance of give birth assumptions, values, and biases. Second is understanding the worldview of the culturally different client and third, developing appropriate discourse strategies and techniques            Primarily, culturally experient counselors can be identified as those who have awakeness of other peoples culture other than their ingest. They are awake of how their cultural background, experience, attitude, biases, and values influence the counseling process of a client. Moreover, these counselors recognize their limits when it comes to tolerating other values, behaviors, or norms. To add, culturally skilled counselors are also well-fixed with differences between them and the clients in terms of race, gender identity, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs.To illustrate, the initiatory measure of strength requires a counselor to mirror whether his own values and beliefs would personally or professionally affect the process of counseling. For example, a Christian counselor may have biases towards a Muslim student, for they have truly different belief systems. In this situation, if the counselor has no noticeledge of ethical limitations, he might insist that his beliefs are better or are morally upright, and those of the students are the opposite.However, such look may be prevented if the counselor is full aware of conflicting values he has with the student. In our own view, a school counselor should be open to all values of every student. This is different from the counselor in the private sector. In school counseling, the counselor who cann ot accept views of some students is not fit for school counseling. A school counselor should have readiness to counsel every student, and there should be no instance when he would not accept a student for counseling.            To ensure that the counselor meets the first requirement mentioned above, he should reflect on his values and find out if he has beliefs against any culture, including students with different gender identities, cultural or religious practices, and other moral practices that their culture has taught them. For instance, taking into consideration the case of students with gender identity occupation, the counselor must be careful not to insist that the student sticks to his biological gender. Rather, he should exercise care in handling this case. after all, the whole manner of the student may depend on the stopping point he makes at the sentence of counseling.Culturally skilled counselors possess getledge and under standing to the highest degree how gender stereotyping affects them personally and professionally. Considering the sensitivity of the issue of gender identity disorder, the school counselor must be careful not to affect the decision and values of the individual, for he is going to suffer later on should he take the wrong decision.            Moreover, as Sue et al. contend, culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge or so their social impact on others. These include ones ken of own communicationstyle, and how this style may resist or facilitate the counseling process. Recognizing limits of their competencies, school counselors may confer with their colleagues how to drown these weaknesses. Aside from this, they should seek further training or education on other cultures as a way to do away with biases. The process of balancing ones view of other cultures may take a lifetime as new concepts may arise everyday. For example, the ter m transgender individuality appeared lonesome(prenominal) in our modern times, but the concept of transforming from one gender to another has been known as early as the time of Sophocles or even earlier. In this regard, counselors should not grow tired of determination ways for self-actualization.Also, on the second characteristic, it is the responsibility of the culturally skilled counselor to gather re line of descents to learn about the identity of other cultures. In the case of homosexuality among students, the counselor should know the different sides of the coin in universe a homosexual. In particular, counselors who deal with this issue should have a good understanding of the process of world a homosexual (Adams, Boatwright, Gilbert, Forrest & Ketzenberger, Cass, Chung & Katayama, Croghan, Driscoll, Kelley & Fassinger, Dunkle, and Pope, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). With this knowledge, he must let the student decide on his own whether to retain his gender identi ty or move to the phase of approaching out.Coming out or in other words, admitting to the society that one belongs to a specific gender role is in itself a dilemma among teenagers with identity perplexity. The specific case of the counselor in this situation is to suspensor the youth consider advantages and disadvantages of coming out (Adams, Belz, Brown, Croteau & Hedstrom, Elliott, Hetherington, Morgan & Brown, Morrow, Pope, Rodriguez & Chang, Pope & Schecter, Savin-Williams, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). Additionally, the counselor should draw the student in the stage of coming-out by training him/her how to deal with peoples inquiry about his identity. For example, the counselor could give real-life scenarios, and ask the student to react on them in order to ensure that he would be prepared for particular instances when he would experience interrogative sentence.If the counselor feels affirmative or senses tolerance toward gays and lesbians but lacks the knowle dge to continue cases of these individuals, he could improve his familiarity with them through a lot of ways. unrivalled source of invaluable information is reading literatures regarding gay/lesbian culture. At present, explorations on gender-specific cases are improving in terms of number and depth. These readings can guide a counselor to discover gay/lesbian cultural identity. Likewise, attend conferences or symposia, gathering insights from past clients and friends who belong to the same gender type will also contribute a lot (Sanabria, 2004).Also, as Sanabria expresses, if the counselor feels that he is not qualified to handle the case, it is only ethical to raise the student to someone who could offer him the right counseling. Furthermore, counselors who cannot be affirmative of gay and lesbian culture are probably misinformed and should look into themselves again if they are fit for being a school counselor. The issue regarding sexual minorities is only one of the issues a school counselor must be able to handle. If the counselor cannot encourage sexual minorities, he should reconsider if he should continue practicing in the academician pose.Suffice to mention, the National vocation Development Association, American Counseling Association, and American Psychological Association have well-defined ethical codes that offer guidance for individuals who work with sexual orientation issues. Included in these ethical codes is the knowledge about students behavioural identity. Importantly, culturally skilled counselors should be aware of life experiences, cultural heritage, and historical background of their multicultural students. For instance, an Asiatic American student has different historical and cultural background from a Latino counterpart, or an African American. When counseling an Asian American, for example, a Chinese girl who cannot relate well with her classmates, a counselor must be informed of the conservative values Chinese families have . Actually, the attitude of keeping ones silence may be in conformity with Confucian values. In this regard, the counselor cannot expect the girl to be as outstrip as her classmates are, for the behavior she presents embodies a cultural heritage among the Chinese.Furthermore, culturally skilled counselors understand the consequences arising from ones exercise of cultural traditions and rites. In some parts of Asia, for instance, there is still the custom of prearranged marriage. Thus, a counselor who encounters a high school student in this situation should suspend conception of the custom, but rather honor it, and perhaps counsel the child to make her own choice, after laying down the consequences of abiding by the culture. In considering choices, the counselor may enumerate possible circumstances the child would salute if she relents to her parents decision, or vice versa. Under no circumstances should the counselor prescribe to the child what she should do as this may result in confusion or family conflict.Likewise, the counselor may also opt to explain the issue to the parents, but before doing so, the counselor must take precautions so as not to offend them. At all times, respect should form part of every counseling situation.Aside from obtaining a rich background of their students, a equal counselor, according to Sue et al. should also be kept updated with the latest trends and occurrences that concern his clients. In the case of a school counselor, it would be of great help if he engages in research and other activities to keep him updated with the students lingo, hobbies, behavioral patterns, etc. They should actively seek out opportunitiespersonal and professional experiences that better their knowledge, understanding, and cross-cultural skills.Moreover, as some schools implement today, counselors can engage in outside school activities such as outreach programs, educational trips, camps, and other activities which would help gain a more vivi d profile of the counselees. They should also be actively involved with minority individuals outside the school setting. Community events, celebrations, and other gatherings may help provide a wider perspective of minorities which relate with the academic scenario.Considering the dynamic role that the school counselor plays in society, the responsibility of ensuring that they possess the relevant qualities expected of a counselor should be borne by colleges oblation the course or training. Based on the literature gathered, schools have positively become fully concerned about the issue of multiculturalism. Many schools and universities nowadays adhere to the demands of the culturally diverse society. However, the way to attaining dexterity of some school counselors may still be too far.In one study Holcom-McCo y (2000) conducted, the author identified five underlying factors influencing school counselors scholarship of themselves as competent professionals. These factors included understanding of racial identity education, office to comprehend multicultural terminology, multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Among which, counselors perceived lack of knowledge of racial identity development as the problem that hindered them from being fully competent in multiculturalism.To address this problem, Schwallie-Giddis et al. (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) suggest that time to come school counselors should bear multicultural training on racial identity development, and multicultural knowledge development. In a study conducted, school counselors assessed the effectiveness of a nine-month multicultural professional development program. The study involved 13 school counselors in a multicultural professional development program held from school yr 2001-2002. Applying three dimensions of multicultural competencies, the participants assessed their own competencies. Resources included a videotape of a case study to which participants reacted, in order to discover assumptions, values and biases.To assess understanding of the clients worldviews, the study made use of case studies of linguistically and culturally diverse (LCD) students. The participants were asked to apply a framework to the cases to examine aspects school counselors should consider when handling diverse students. The participants had a lengthy discussion on the provided cases, and at the end of the posing, they expressed the advantage of having discussions with peers.Another session comprised of a gameboard interview with three mothers of different cultures. Each of the women talked about her childs experiences in school, all of which related to the inefficiency of the school officials to handle multicultural students. In all the issues raised, lack of communication surfaced as the most recurrent problem. In relation to this, participants commented that had there been proper communication between parents and school officials, issues would have been resolved more easily.More over, the study also included a session that dealt with developing appropriate interventions to cases of LCD students. Through this, participants were able to exchange views and experiences which could help build up a resource for interventions to cases of LCD students. Based on this session, counselors tell that most of them found it difficult to deal with LCD student mainly because of the language barrier. Furthermore, insecurities due to lack of knowledge of other cultures bear upon the competencies of the participants.In sum, the school counselors agreed that having enough facility to understand the student and overcoming language barriers is one major key to providing adequate help to students.Similarly, Chandras et al. (2006) suggest counseling strategies and techniques in handling multicultural students. One skill they express to be critical in every counseling situation is effective listening. Effective listening, as Neuknug (2002) defines, includes allowing students to t alk, concentrating on what is being express, giving minimal advice, empathizing, intercommunicate for clarifications, and limiting questions. When handling multicultural students, it is important for the counselor to be fully sensitive to verbal cues that relate to culture. For instance, a student who is often bullied in class may not admit why he is being bullied due to his insecurity. There are some students who would rather keep the truth to themselves or resolve their own conflicts instead of asking help from school officials. Despite this attitude, a good school counselor could still open verbal cues that could make the student open up. For example, a child who claims he is not involutioned in making friends with his classmates could likewise mean that his classmates are cruel to him and not totally uninteresting. As such, clarifying responses and not in a flash giving advice may help the child reflect on his own situation.To maintain effective counseling strategy, a cons tructive and emphatic blood is very important (Chandras et al., 2006). In this respect, the counselors role is first to build up trust and optimism. On the one hand, gaining trust of a student is paramount to establishing a good kind. Without trust, there can be no revelations, no life experiences told. On the other hand, developing optimism facilitates finding a final result to the problem. Also, when a student perceives that there is a solution to the dilemma, he becomes more willing to cooperate in the counseling process. utility(prenominal) to the abovementioned is discussing stages of the counseling process. It is important to inform the counselee how the counseling would go, what can be achieved during counseling stages, and how long they will take. Together with this, the counselor should set guidelines both he and the student will follow, such as time schedule, behavior rules, and limitations.Chakras et al. patch up other responsibilities of a counselor. These include pr eparing the student for counseling session. As a counselor, one has to establish the reason why the student should undergo counseling. inquire the student what he feels is wrong, or eliciting experiences that seem difficult for him are ways to prepare the student. In addition, the counselor must assert that the problem can be worked out if the counselee cooperates in resolving it. Also, some situations that lead to the precaution are considered for school counseling. These include breaking school rules, misbehaving, or under exercise. As such, the class adviser and the school counselor should work hand in hand regarding record of students behavior and maturate.One of the misconceptions about counseling is that students are referred to it only for corrective purposes. Students tend to think that if they are called for counseling, they have been noted to misbehave in school. Thus, some students create a wrong view that counselors are disciplinarians. Importantly, this issue should be addressed during school orientation, letting the students know and feel that counseling is a luck process, and not a disciplinary one. Furthermore, what the counselor can do to subjugate this misconception is to call each student one by one, get to know them, and allow a time for them to be acquainted with her and her work, so that fears regarding counseling could be avoided. Importantly, not only those who have reports of misbehavior should be called for counseling, but every student handled by each counselor.During counseling session, one good characteristic the counselor should let out is to remain focused on the specific problem. If the students problem concerns only his classmates, the counselor should nominate ways to resolve it at the state level, and not delve on the students family background, as such may give the student an impression that his problem is huge. For example, if the student identifies that he is having problems with classmates bullying him, the counsel or must call the attention of the said classmates and allow the said parties to explain the issue (i.e., tell them of the situation to find out if they are aware of the problem they cause their classmate).Furthermore, it is the counselors role to sustain interest of the counselee during the counseling process. To attain this, the counselor should ask questions relevant to the situation, and involve the counselee in arriving at the best workable solution. Asking irrelevant questions and monopolizing the discussion may distract the concentration of the counselee. In addition, the counselor may give assignments or home work so that the student would feel responsible and be prepared for the next counseling session.As regards developing appropriate intervention strategies and techniques to help multicultural students, counselors should also be effectively involved in non-academic and out-of-school activities. As the core of the students personality, the counselor should focus first on bu ilding family relationships. Activities involving the students family would be an effective strategy to (1) know students well, (2) gain knowledge of family structure of students, whether parents are separated, and where students stay, (3) provide a locale for family bonding, and (4) inform parents of their childrens progress/problems. Parent involvement in counseling is inevitable. Some studies confirm student improvement in academic performance, attitudes and behavior, attendance, school adjustment and engagement, and graduation rates (Barnard, Epstein, Simons-Morton & Crump, as cited in Sanabria). In Jevnes (as cited in Sanabria), a recent meta-analysis of 41 studies shows a significant relationship between parents involvement in school and academic achievement of urban students.            Parent involvement in school can include activities designed to inform them of their childrens progress, workshops or conferences to help them wangle with the difficulties of parenting, marriage, etc. However, some parents lack the initiative to get involved in their childs school affairs. As Lareau (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) posits, parents perceptions of racism and their own negative school experiences tend to create the distance between them and the schools. One study conducted by McKay, Atkins, Hawkins, Brown (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) found that the racism awareness of low-income African American parents was positively related to at-home parental involvement, and inversely related to at-school involvement. In this case, the counselor should coordinate closely with class advisers and other school officials to help convince these parents to give priority to their children. One source of motivation could be research data establishing correlation between childrens progress and parental involvement.One practise the counselor could organize is a daytime with Parents. This could be a panel discussion involving model pa rents (probably of outstanding students) to act as the panel, and discuss relevant issues with students and co-parents. In this natural action, the panel discusses ways on how they get involved with the affairs of their children, and how these measures create positive output to them. After the pane interview/discussion, the parents may exchange ideas in a assembly to discuss proper ways to bring up children. Specifically, student problems, whether academic or personal, may also be brought up.Another activity the counselor could organize is a family day in which the whole family will come to the school to enjoy rides, games, or dining together. This event may be school-wide and would need the participation of every school personnel and students.Aside from organizing events for the family, the school counselor could also incorporate in the program field trips, camping, games, and other looseness activities for the students. This will help students, especially with multicultural back ground, to get to know their classmates well. This way, they would also find time to have more friends. Aside from this, fun activities would also make them corroborate that school is not just for learning academics but also for having fun.            Moreover, other activities school counselors could provide include workshops or performing arts activities. These activities are very ideal to act upon the talents of students. Examples of which include art, theater arts, dance, and singing workshops. After the workshops, counselors could also have a culminating activity in which students show what they have learned from the workshop. For arts, students will have an art exhibit, for dance, theater arts, and singing, the counselor could propose to school administration to allow a concert or show, in which students will be the performers. This particular activity could also serve as a fund raising discharge aside from showcasing the talent of students.            other activities to make students run into their potentials include sports activities/intramurals. This would allow sports-minded students to show their capabilities in their field. Also, this could serve as the schools ravel against drug use among students.            Further to the given interventions, counselors could also conduct occupational group orientation, especially for graduating students. In this activity, the counselor would invite some professionals to talk about their career to inspire students to follow a similar path. At the end of the session, the counselor would elicit from students, which career aroused their interest, and what made them interested to it. Importantly, students should be given many options to choose from, and career professionals to be invited should likewise have multicultural identity, so that students can easily relate with them. E valuation sessions should also follow to allow room for improvement.            Counselors also have a part in the schools community outreach. By giving orientation to students regarding the activity and motivating them to help other people, students will realize that the dowery profession is not limited within the four corners of the school. The participation of the counselor is very important as this will strengthen the role of the counseling profession and the schools mission of helping other people.            Other interventions the counselor could incorporate in the counseling program include achievement tests, personality tests, and other assessments to gauge the students academic and personal progress. These could help identify the needs of the students or their inclinations to serve as guide in choosing their future career.There are a lot of ways a school counselor can adopt to help in the holistic development of students. In adopting each intervention, what is important is to bear in mind its pertinency to the multicultural students. As each student comes from a different background, it is imperative form to learn about them individually, and not just by names or culture affiliation. As long been practiced by other counseling professionals, one strategy the counselor could employ is to do home visits. By visiting students in their home, the counselor will gain a clear and accurate picture of the students background. Similarly, this would also create for him a first-hand experience of the students cultural background. ConclusionAs we continue to live in the Information Age, we are driven to realize the many impacts of multiculturalism on people, educational institutions, and society in general. In particular, we see how it changed history in the 1960s with the civil protest of Black Americans, and how it restructured school policies on employment of faculty, and treatment of students. Similarly, we see how it inspire minority groups to express their views and contribute to the rich and modern culture. Moreover, we see the important role of multiculturalism in the counseling programs of schools and the community, not to mention the challenges it continues to bring counselors in providing care and assistance.Although discrimination based on race, ethnic origin, gender, religion, disability, socio-political, and economic status are still evident in our society, the progress attained by forerunners and supporters of multiculturalism make us look forward to a better nation in the next decades. As time unfolds, we may take self-complacency as we watch Americans embrace Africans, Asians, and other people of color. This view will continue to unveil as school administrators continue to uphold and cultivate the gifts of diversity in their orientation of students and communities.Much to the efforts made by school activists, we may look forward t o more reforms in the counseling scene, either in schools or communities. The standards set by the AMCD or APA would continue to lead counselors to realize the importance of their roles in the society. The role played by counselors is not an easy task. However, by being conscious of their own tendency toward biases, counselors would avoid disserving their clients, and in the long run, the attitude of people especially schoolchildren toward counseling would further be affirmative.Moreover, adhering to the second characteristic, counselors would maintain a sensitive attitude toward cultures of other people. As such, they will feel the importance of bridging gaps among multicultural individuals, thus go proponents of unity and peace in the long run.Also part of the competency requirements of counselors is to devise or organize strategies to provide relevant counseling and helping services to the people. In this respect, their role is not limited to the school setting they serve, but it is likewise relevant to the community they work with. By fulfilling their part as community helpers, counselors would have a richer cultural experience which could help in their field.Recognizing the difficult task expected of counselors, we may develop the doubt regarding the capability of school counselors of today in taking on the said challenges. In this regard, counselors would need all the assistance it could get from school officials such as teachers, principal, and other staff. Through the collaboration between counselors and school officials, multicultural students will realize the important contribution they can make in the society, not only in their group but also in the lives of other people, in the fields of technology, manpower, innovation, and care for the environment.The nature of helping students does not end in counseling them or providing moral support. Rather, it extends to making them feel their importance as people, providing them choices in life, and cultiv ating their talents. The counseling program of every school should be the most active program among all, as it involves not only the students and counselors, but also other school officials, including the teachers, librarian, and support staff. If every one in the school system shares in the goal of achieving multicultural counseling, we can hope for the success of multicultural students. As such, everyone should his/her own part and responsibilities in promoting the welfare of the studentsthat is, giving respect to people of other cultures, helping them realize their life goals, and making them co-creators of society.Despite all the efforts exerted by counselors and other individuals to make up a better society, we can still note some people, even students who would resist multiculturalism. The harsh picture of some students exhibiting exclusivist attitude toward their peers should not be overlooked. Rather, it should be the concern of everyone in the school, especially its officia ls.In line with this, more studies should be conducted on how to incorporate multicultural views into the counseling program of every school, beginning from pre-schools to post-graduate schools. It would also help if psychological groups or associations would set standards particularly for multicultural school counseling. These rules would serve as guide for school administrators in choosing the right school counselor.While it is the role of school counselors to provide counseling to multicultural students, it would also help if schools would implement a appendage to evaluate if other aspects of the school adhere to promoting cultural diversity. Particularly, school administrators should realize that the issue of multiculturalism should not be addressed by the counseling program alone, but also by all aspects of the school, including the physical structure of the school. In this regard, future research in psychology could include ways on how the schools physical structure could sup port counseling programs for multicultural students.ReferencesChandras, Kan, David DeLambo, & Sunil Chandras. (2006). Counseling strategies and techniques to sensitize school counselors to the life experiences of culturally different students. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http//www.counselingoutfitters.com/Chandras.htmConstantine, Madonna. (2001). Universal-diverse orientation and general expectations about counseling Their relation to college students multicultural counseling expectations. daybook of college student development. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200111/ai_n8993131Freedman, Kenneth. (1999). Multicultural counseling. Retrieved January 23, 2008, from http//www.alaska.net/fken/Multiculture.htmGorski, Paul. (1999). A Brief write up of Multicultural Education. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/written document/edchange_history.htmlHanna, Fred. (2000). Asian shades of spirituality i mplications for multicultural school counseling. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_7/ai_n6121238Harris, Anthony.  (2007). Philosophy and techniques of multicultural education. Journal of multidisciplinary research. Vol. 1 Issue 1. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http//www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articles/1080.htmLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.getthetoolkit.com/publications/transgender%20students.pdfPatterson, C.H. (1996). Multicultural counseling from diversity to universality. Journal of counseling and development. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//www.sageofasheville.com/pub_downloads/MULTICULTURAL_COUNSELING_FROM_DIVERSITY_TO_UNIVERSALITY.pdfRosado, Caleb. (1997). Toward a definition of multiculturalism. Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http//www.rosado.net/pdf/Def_of_Multiculturalism.pdfRosado, Caleb. (n.d.). W hat makes a school multicultural? January 24, 2008, from http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/caleb/multicultural.htmlSanabria, Samuel. (2004). Culturally appropriate career counseling with gay and lesbian clients. Career development quarterly. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Culturally+appropriate+career+counseling+with+gay+and+lesbian+clients.-a0127052322Sue, Derald Wing, Patricia Arredondo, and Roderick McDavis. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards A call to the profession. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from www.counseling.org/Files/FD.ashx?guid=e14f8c36-41e7-4af8-830d-69f6057986d7 Van Velsor, Patricia & Graciela Orozco. (2007). Involving low-income parents in the schools Communitycentric strategies for school counselors. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Involving+low-income+parents+in+the+schools%3a+communitycentric-a0171018638Webb, Michael. (1990). Multicult ural education in elementary and secondary schools. Eric digest number 67. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http//www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/secondary.htm

Nike Sweatshops Inc Essay

Ethics refer to what is defined as right or wrong in the morality of human macrocosms and favorable issues are matters which could at once or indirectly affect a person or more a nonher(prenominal) members of a society. In this case study, Nike has been acc expenditured of orbiting employees in their sub set outed factories overseas to wrick in inhumane conditions for low earningss. The CEO and cofounder of Nike lamented that The Nike product has become like with slave wages, forced-overtime and arbitrary abuse.Initially, the strong purchased two shoe-manufacturing facilities in the unify States precisely eventually had to shut them d give birth due to tremendous loss in profits. Today, practically all of Nikes factories are subcontracted and located in countries such(prenominal) as Ind unitysia, Vietnam, China and Thailand, where the fag costs are signifi push asidetly lesser than those in the United States. The founder of Vietnam Labour Watch, Thomas Nguyen, inspecte d several of Nikes plants in Vietnam in 1998 and reported cases of relieve oneselfer abuse.At one of these factories which he inspected, a supervisor punished 56 women for wearing inappropriate work shoes by forcing them to run around the pulverization in the how sun. cardinal workers fainted and had to be puddlen to the hospital. He also reported that workers were allowed only one bathroom break and two drinks of water during each eight-hour shift. The ethical and social issues in this case are that Nike unethically takes advantage of these labour markets because it provides them with a higher profit.Nike should also be held responsible for what happens in factories they do non own to a certain degree because low-cost manufacturing has always been their system in the market. Although they do not directly own these factories, they should take the endeavour to be socially responsible and monitor the lower limit working conditions as it would reflect on the societys image. A existent wage is defined by the wage which allows the earner to afford basic ask such as food, shelter and another(prenominal) necessities of life.The labour cost of manufacturing a shoe is $2. 43 while the consumer make ups $65 for it. Nike could still afford to pay its workers a living wage without raising its prices to the consumers. Realistically, the wage guideline of the FLA seems more(prenominal) feasible as it is based on a fixed statistic of minimum wage as required by law or the add up industry wage, whichever is higher. That being said, the minimum wages of some developing countries are too low and would not provide the benefits of a normal living for the employees.Therefore, the guidelines of the WRC seem more appropriate to me and it would be considerable to take into eyeshade the wages of a normal-income employee and follow that guideline. It is unethical for Nike to pay endorses millions of dollars while its factory employees receive a few dollars a day. Sure, i t is important for them to market their products and victimisation celebrities and spokespeople would cost tons of money but there are m whatsoever other ways for them to market their products without the need to exploit the conditions of employees in terzetto world countries.All other major athletic shoe producer also contract with overseas manufacturers albeit to various degrees. Athletic shoe firmly New Balance Inc. is somewhat of an anomaly as it continues to operate five dollar bill factories in the United States. However, New Balance has developed a diametrical marketing strategy in comparison to Nike. They do not use professional athletes to market their products. Instead, they choose to invest in product query and development. New Balance also makes most of their shoes in the United States, paying workers over 30 times what Nike workers fixate in Vietnam, nevertheless they still make a profit.To achieve corporate social function, Nike should poorly consider the im pact of their companys actions on society. It is an obligation to take actions that protect and improve the welfare of society as a whole, on with their own interests. They should be responsible for the legal, social and philanthropic aspects of its subcontracted factories. They are not paying their employees the legal minimum wage, caring more or less the working conditions and welfare of these employees and fitting not taking into consideration the well-being of others.Ten days ago, the company had been subjected to negative military press, lawsuits, and demonstrations on college campuses alleging that the firms overseas contractors subject employees to work in inhumane conditions for low wages. With the introduction of the fair labour association and worker rights consortium, Nike is slowly trying to improve the working conditions on subcontracted factories and hopefully in 10 years, they would be able to re-establish themselves as a morally acceptable company. Nike could entertain observed the ethical and social guidelines of how an presidency should be managed.They should not incur hired minors under 16 to work. And instead of purchasing two shoe-manufacturing facilities in the United States, Nike could apply beneficial purchased one plant and see how their operations went before thinking about purchasing another plant. When the firm finally saw success in 1980, eight years after the company was founded, and became the largest athletic shoe company in the world, they could have finally purchased the shoe-manufacturing plants in the United States and it would probably have been a success, without having the need to subcontract factories and cutting the cost of labour just to have a bigger profit.This in turn would not have caused so much negative press that the company has had to deal with so far. For future references, Nike should learn from their last(prenominal) mistakes and treat the subcontracted employees morally, pay them a kick downsta irs wage and improve their working conditions. They should also better manage their subcontracts and not just use them as proxies for Nike to distance themselves from taking any responsibility for the way their factory workers are treated. The subcontractors are considered stakeholders in the organisation and Nike, as the manager, should make it their concern as to what is happening in these factories.Bad press will take a long time to subside and what Nike can do from now is to acknowledge its past errors and become more socially responsible for the sake of their future. Colleges and universities have direct ties to the many shoe and robe companies that contract with overseas manufacturers. Most universities receive money from athletic shoe and apparel corporations in return for outfitting the universitys sports teams with the firms products. What motivates them is the bad image they could be portraying when they wear the firms apparel.They could be seen as promoting the cause for sweatshops. The United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) organisation was formed in 1998 and led by former UNITE summer interns. The USAS re-create a large number of campus demonstrations which protest against the universitys contract with Nike due to the firms alleged sweatshop abuses. More than 100 students demanded that the university not renew its contract with Nike and rallied outside the office of the universitys chancellor. More than 50 other universities staged similar protests and sit-ins.The reason why their activism is not widespread is because it is hard to get a viewpoint from them that does not reflect that of UNITE. It was claimed that Nike owes $2. 2 million in severance pay to workers in Honduras when two Nike factories were closed. When hounded over their exploitation of workers, Nike released a statement that they are deeply concerned, but cannot assume any responsibility for the actions of their subcontractors. In my opinion, Nike should pay the severance owed .Although they do not own the factories, they are still involved with the overall management and well-being of the workers. At the end of the day, the subcontractors are under the employment of Nike and should be responsible for the employees. patronage its controversial record on the issue of sweatshops and monitoring labour practices abroad, Nike has been the pass receiver of a variety of corporate social responsibility recognitions over the past several years. Many of these awards are for issues other than their labour practices abroad.They have been named as one of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens for 2010 for Corporate Responsibility cartridge clip and one of 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World in 2009. Nike has appeared to be taking actions for mishandling the sweatshop issue as well as they could have and for not adequately monitoring its subcontractors in overseas operations until the media and other organisations revealed the presence of sweatshops. They seem to have realised their mistake of not being socially responsible and are trying to make amends for their wrongdoings.

World Trade Organization

The courage and dedication that was displayed by the kickors in the video was what I took to heart. It was something else to watch over a group of people come together to protest something that they believed so strongly despite being pepper sprayed, shot at with surface bullets, and thrown and twisted into jail.. But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an presidential term? The World Trade Organization was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 process countries. According to their official website www. wto. org the organizations main purpose is to, help trade liquify as freely as possible-so long as there be no undesirable side-effects.This partly means removing obstacles. However the organization isnt a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are written by and for corporations with in spite of appearance access to the negotiations. Citizen input by consumer, environmental, human rights and labor organizations is consistently cut as WTO meetings are held in secret. According to the video, out of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a result it is no wonder why so many came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA.According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its byword of free world trade is stomping over labor and human rights in countries throughout the world as the use of cheap labor and pincer labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine globose Exchange states that the WTO is blocking human rights abuses since they have ruled that, 1) It is il well-grounded for a government to ban a product base on the elan it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the behavior of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such as Burma. The protestors in the video also felt that the WTO was destroying the environment. Evidence of this, dates dressing to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange, The very first WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US Clean Air Act, which required both national and foreign producers alike to produce cleaner gasoline, was illegal.Recently, the WTO declared illegal a provision of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an inexpensive device that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an agreement that would press out tariffs on wood products, which would increase the demand for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to exsert to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble.The actions interpreted by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too extreme and Im still unclear for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were self-possessed protests and the city freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nik e. In my point of view the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that peaceful protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution.

The Italian Retreat from Modern Architecture

The Italian Retr flow from Modern computer architecture fishgig Pont, Nonlinearity and others Italy is decentralized in Europe, south side ripping convert Interview Difficult position in the way they accept refugees, pressures Italy watch neer been absolute 1860- unified by man further no unified in region, approaches to life, culture and language vary great amounts amongst cities of Italy. 1959?Renee Bonham Nonlinearity, the Italian retreat from modern architecture Attacking individualistic current Italian architects that were trying to be dedicate in the way they real architecture, Just interested in themselves Guide Canella, a page from the condition on the Amsterdam School Renee Bonham, conclusion of his article in The Architectural examine Ernest Nathan Rogers, Continuity o crisis? (Continuity of crisis? ), Isabella, no. 1 5, April-May 1957 archean 20th century model of modern architecture, non an white clean architecture of railcar Bonham is English, cannot re alise how Italians perceived architecture, they did not involve it was something that could revolutionize or save the world. Nonlinearity the geek of architecture that was used in certain parts of Europe slightly he end of 19th century beginning of 20th super acid ground, trying to shift from 18th and 19th century architecture that was not interested in architecture as a machine and that direction Bonham is much more black and white, Isabella, no. 1 5, April-May 1957, capacity page with image of project in El Heaver by zest Eduardo Persist, Salad Della Aviators (Victory Room), VI Triennial, Milan, 1936 Adulterate Liberal, Case Maladapted, Capri island, Naples, 1938-40 Window Frames- full of matter Floor- not a functions type of modernist Window back of fireplace, sense of merging with the cheerfulness and the yellow orange lames of the fire. Onto born 1891-1979, generation of El Sorbs product of Italy TM most prominent architect that tried to understand bourgeois brilliance of discussion rather than getting to a point founder and film director of Dooms magazine director of Stile magazine spear Point, swain laureateship (In praise of Architecture), book, 1957, cut through page fishgig Pont, Laureateship e UN Cristal (Architecture is a crystal), (a publication that was published a bit earlier) Stile magazine, cover page Misaims Campaign, portrait of the Point family, painting ads for Richard Ignoring products, Dooms no. 1 GIG point, fizgig Pont, kitchen plates for Richard Ignoring, 1923-25 , Vase, ceramic ply Gig Pont, Hands, ceramic work House in via Rancid, Milan, 1924-26 point, Gig Point, House in via Rancid, Milan, 1924-26 point, sottish Boutique, Searches, 1925-26 El Couriers, Vile Stein, Searches, 1927 Comparison of two houses El Sorbs machine type of end Built same time but different eras Gig Pont, Vile Bouillon, Searches, 1925-26, view Gig Point, House in Via Domenici, Milan, 1928-30 Gig Pont, House in Via Domenici, Lantern on the rooftop Fillips Brucellosis, Lantern on top of dome, S. Maria del Floor, FlorenceGig Pont, Graphic and Textile figure of speech work Gig Point, Graphic and Textile design work Gig Point , Aria Italian magazine, cover page Gig Point, Dooms Serene, Via De Togging, Milan, 1933-36, facade Dooms Latin word for house Vs.. El sorbs towards a new architecture, you can see the inconsistency between the two Gig Point, Typical Houses Via De Togging, Milan Gig Point, Dooms Julia, Via De Togging, Milan, 1931-34, make it boards in houses were only everyowed to be so big in order to help deal with the demand for housing Point created the approximation of using a partition in the middle of a room to create two roomsItalians dont have second hand shops because they keep e realthing, would never see a garage sale etc.. Even stay in the same house windows that frame views Gig Pont, Marmot House, Milan, 1933-36 works with curtains, works with loads more things than Just the wall believed designing pi ece of furniture was part of the architecture , domestic help space, exhibition installation at the 6th Triennial, Milan, 1936 GIG point dinner party set, sass Gig Pont, dinner set and tablecloth, sass Gig Point, dinner set and tablecloth , Ferreira company, chairman office, Rome, 1936 Vendetta Furnishings, (an organized wall), Milan, 1938 Amour Belle, Table- container, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Association J.Voodoo et Bruno Danes, Milan, 1994 Calvin, Merlin, Mayo, Window-screen, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Calvin, Merlin, Mayo, Window-screen, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Bruno Veering, moveable shelving system, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Bruno Veering, movable shelving system, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 idea of having a single gene with multiple functionsGig Point, Bed, furniture design Marco Removable, Mart Laudanum, Nomadic Cardboard Panel, prototype, Ghetto- Ambient Exhibitio n, Milan, 1994 kinetic transitional Raisin tower, almost works as context itself Softness, reduce sense of mount accompanies organic roof point, Lamp, 1960 Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Antonio Astor, Intemperate (Internally) furniture system, Deride production, sass Joe Colombo, encase 1, day-and-night furniture facility, 1968 Joe Colombo, Square Plastic System, furniture system, 1969 idea of liberating passel from the kitchen Joe Colombo, Root-living, furniture design, 1969Joe Colombo , cabriolet-seed, 1969 , Multi-chat, 1970 , Mint-kitchen, 1963 Joe Colombo, Combo-center container, 1963 Joe Colombo, Tube-Chat, 1969 Joe Colombo, Visions exhibition, 1969 Gig Pont, Medication Building, Milan, interiors, 1935-38 Gig Point, Medication Building, Milan Gig Pont, Medication Building, Milan Gig Pont, Raisin tugboat, Milan, 1933-36, perspective drawing Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, 1933-36, photo with neoclassic Portal Venetian in the foreground Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, the tower and the commonality Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, rooftop GIG point, Rarest -rower, Milan, 1933-36Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, 1986 Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, 1986, plan + elevations, drawing Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, view from the path tower view at night, looked like a painting Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, side overtake Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, view from the street Dieresis tower wants to be a mediator between the pathway and Gig Point, Scenes and costumes design for Stravinsky Applicable, Triennial Theatre, Milan, 1940 Gig Point, glass bottles and cups, design for Venin Company, 1946-49 Gig Pont, La Paving coffee machine, Milan, 1948Gig Pont, Andrea Dorian ship, interiors, 1948-52 POINT WAS READY TO DECORATE D&8240CORE, this was not supported by modernism In production, building offices, he becomes very rigorous Rigor in Milan, people dress elegant but all the same Rome things change, they are much more began w ith colors, eat outside Linking back to how there is a large cultural difference in each city e etc. Dulcimer store, Milan, interiors with surrealist objects, late ass, early ass , Casino, San Remote, interiors and furniture, 1950 Gig Pont, Casino, San Remote, interiors and furniture , Staccato Apartment, interior and furniture, 1950Gig Point (with piper Fornicates), Interior exhibition, 9th Triennial, Milan, 1951 Gig Point (with bagpiper Fornicates), Lucian Apartment, interiors and decorations, 1951 Gig Point (with Piper Fornicates), Lucian Apartment, early (and decorated) version of Supercharger chair, 1951 Gig Pont, his feature architectural office, Milan, 1952 Gig Pont, his own architectural office, interiors Milan, 1952 Eduardo Persist, Marcello Nozzle, Salad Me tumbleval door (Gold Medals Room), Italian Aeronautics Exhibition, 1934 Gig Point, Mate laureateship (In praise of Architecture), book, 1957, cover Point is very good with sensibility of spaceGig Point, Supercharger c hair, 1957 past chair supercharger, super light chair, can be lifted with pinky figure very famous, incorporate everyday objects vernacular design, beautiful but clumsy Guide Canella, furniture design, prototype, Nevi founding per IL nomadic Italians (New Design for Italian Furniture) Exhibition, 1960 Roberto Gigabit &038 Mario Sisal, furniture design, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Aledo Rossi, Table, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Josef Hoffmann, Stole Building, Brussels, 1905 Rossi looks at structures that are much more linearHoffmann, type of recession that marks the buildings, much more conceptual Age Ailment, Rocking chair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Age Ailment, Bookshelf, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Vitriol Garrotter, armchair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Umber Rival, deckchair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 all furniture about putting more rather than less sympathetic posture curved Achilles Castigation, Splurge Brad Pub-Bar-Restaurant, Milan 1960 Achilles Castigation, Splurge Brad Pub-Bar-Restaurant, Milan 1960 Achilles Castigation, San Luck armchair, prototype sense of mean, directionless lamps (named after the restaurant) total linear, rather than Just repeating the same element Marco Suzann, Lady, armchair, 1950 Franco Albania, Margarita, Malice bamboo-cane armchair, 1950 Gig Point, Continuum, cane-chair, Poinciana production, 1963 Gig Point, Novella, armchair, C&038B production, 1968 Gig Point, Villa Plainchant, Caracas, Venezuela, 1955 closed volumes, moments of surprises materiality with layers, bringing layers to modernism Gig Pont, Point apartment, Via Daze, Milan, 1957, interiors knowing his own house, colorful tiles. Decorations very Joyful Gig Pont, Furnished window for an exhibition in New York, 1953 interested in discussing con-f usion, to be one, softness to differ areas of space decorated elements that duplicate themselves in mirrors around.Gig Point, Hotel Parch die Principia, Rome, 1964, interiors Gig Pont, Hotel Parch die Principia, Rome, 1964, interiors Gig Point, Hotel Parch die Principia, Rome, 1964, fade (detail) Gig Pont, project for an Italian Embassy building, early sass, drawings interested in pictorial mass architectural form to a natural form and bench vise versa not particularly interested in function Gig Pont, strong fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, drawings with notes Gig Pont, well fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, washbasin Gig Pont, sanitary fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, toilet Gig Pont, sanitary fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, toilet and more set components Gig Point, steel flatware, Italian Group, 9th Triennial, Milan, 1951, sketches and notes Gig Point, steel flatware, Italian Group, 9th Triennial, Milan, 1951 Idea of redesigning a fork Gig Point, vases, Sebastian production, 1956

Evaluation of Comptronix Corporation: Identifying Inherent Risk and Control Risk Factors Essay

1. Professional visiting standards gratuity the analyze hazardiness impersonate, which is used to de endpointine the nature, timing, and goal of canvass procedures. Describe the comp unriv on the wholeednts of the present and discuss how changes in each comp adeptnt affect the hearers take up for evidence. The audit happen model is used to determine the nature, timing, and extent of substantive audit procedures. The components of audit risk model usually state as follows DR = AR/(IR x CR)Where DR = detection risk AR = audit risk IR = native risk CR = fake risk Detection Risk auditors procedures will lead them to conclude that a fiscal statement assertion is non materially misstated when in fact a great deal(prenominal) misstatement does cost. If auditors want to decrease DR, they had better collect more evidence and engage sure the validity of evidence. Audit Risk auditors may unknowingly pass away to appropriately modify their opinion on fiscal statements that atomic number 18 materially misstated. If AR should be keep in low level, which means the different risks also should be low.Inherent Risk The risk of material misstatement of a financial statement assertion, assuming in that respect were no related carrys. As inherent risk increases, PDR decreases, which in turn increases the auditors need for stronger evidence. discover risk The risk that a material misstatement that could top in an account will not be pr level(p)ted or detected on a termly basis by infixed condition. If the strength of inbred control is assessed as decreasing, the auditor should pay more attention to control risks.2. One of the components of the audit risk model is inherent risk. Describe regular(prenominal) factors that auditors evaluate when assessing inherent risk. With the benefit of hindsight, what inherent risk factors were present during the audits of the 1989 by dint of 1992 Comptronix financial statements? Inherent risk is a measure of the auditors assessment of the susceptibility of an assertion to a material misstatement assuming there are no related home(a) controls. Some believe that inherent risk would be greater for some assertions and related account ground on some conditions as followsComplex calculations rather than simple calculations. erst the political party lost their a cardinal client, Management engage a strong motivation manipulate gross revenue and operating exertion to encounter investor expectations because the loss of a key customer put in addition much pressure on anxiety to meet the requirements of orthogonal users. Public go of Stock After Comptronix made its public offering of stock , they bedevil the pressure which push the management to manipulate operating performance too meet the expectations from the external users.Technological Improvement Comptronix is a manufacture alliance which main products are circuit circuit cards and the circuit maturates development depend on te chnological improvement.The technological improvement has a negative impact on operating performance. Pressures from a new star Comp whatever By the outgrowth year of the thespian (1989), Comptronix became a new comp either which can take more than 1,800 employees in less than a decade , and at identical time, the order expanded its the size of the company in three different locations. The rapid development of company made the management adjusted their trading operations instead of supervise company operations. Estimation of Accounts The high inherent risk accounts include Accounts receiv adequate/ payable, inventory, and property, plant, and equipment. But all the accounts computation is ground on estimation which led the numbers are very unreliable and subjective. change Flow Pressures Comptronix suffered mesh losses from 1986. Until the company attracted a gage capitalist, the company was able to generate strong sales and do goods. Prior to 1989, Comptronix had generat ed scarce deuce consecutive old age of profit after several years of net losses. cash flow of financial statement cannot cover many years of recurring losses. The management has motives to make up operating accounts to look perfect(a) to attract moreinvestors. 3. An early(a) component of the audit risk model is control risk. Describe the five components of internal control. What characteristics of Comptronixs internal control increased control risk for the audits of the 1989-1992 year-end financial statements?Five components of control risk are control environment, risk assessment, control activities, learning and communication, and monitoring. Control environment case-hardened the tone of an organization by influencing the control brain of people. Risk assessment is managements process for identifying, analyzing, and responding to the risks. Control activities are policies and procedures that help ensure that managements directives are carried out. Information is inevitable at all levels of an organization to assist management in agitate together the organizations objectives.Monitoring of controls is a process to assess the timberland of internal control performance over time. The information and communication is earnestly worn down in that he three executives were able to perpetrate the artifice by bypassing the existing explanation system. They could record the fictitious entries manually and some opposite employees were excluded from the manipulations to minimize the likelihood of the contrivance being discovered.Besides, the weak control natural process and monitoring is represented by the fact that Mr. Shifflett or Mr. Medlin could approve payments based solely on an invoice. Therefore, the fraud team was able to bypass internal controls over cash disbursements.Internal controls were also insufficient to detect the manipulation of sales and accounts receivable. Mr. Medlin had the ability to access the shipping department system.4. The b oard of directors, and its audit committee, can be an effective corporate governance mechanism. Discuss the pros and cons of allowing internal(a) directors to sere on the board. Describe typical responsibilities of audit committees.What strengths or weaknesses were present related to Comptronixs board of directors and audit committee?As shareholders have limited access to the sufficient information, they are hard to monitor the mundane transactions and management. They would delegate the responsibilities to the board of directors. Then, board of directors require inside directors to render sufficient information in order to make decisions those are in the maximum profits of shareholders. However, if the inside directors have improper purposes, its easily to be a manipulation tool for management.Audit committee is obligated for ensuring that the companys financial statements and reports are accurate and use average and reasonable estimates. More specifically, it is charged wit h overseeing the financial reporting and disclosure process, monitoring choice of accounting policies and principles, overseeing hiring, performance and liberty of the external auditors, oversight of regulatory compliance, monitoring the internal control process, overseeing the performance of the internal audit function, and discussing risk management policies and practices with management.The control environment is authoritatively influenced by the posture of its board of directors or its audit committee. Factors that bear on the effectiveness of the board or audit committee include the extent of its independence from management, the experience and top of its members. However, among the seven individuals in Comptronix board of directors, five members are either inside directors or directors had close affiliations with management.In addition, the primary responsibility of the board of directors is to protect the shareholders assets and ensure they receive a decent return on the ir investment. bill members act as trustees of the organizations assets and must exercise cod diligence to oversee that the organization is well managed and that its financial situation mud sound. But the composition of Comptronixs board of directors obviously lacks objectivity.A liberty chit audit committee should be composed of independent directors who are not officers or employees of the organization and who do not have other relationships that demoralise independence. However, The audit committee of Comptronix is made up two out of doors directors and one gray director, which would inevitably impair the independence. Whats more, to qualify, the committee must be composed of outside director with at least one qualify as a financial expert. Nevertheless, for Comptronix Corporation, there is no indication of whether any of these individuals had accounting or financial reporting backgrounds. Lastly, the audit committee met only twice during 1991, it was not efficiently and s ufficiently to monitor and oversee the financial reporting.5. Public companies must file every quarter financial statements in embodiment 10-Qs, that have been reviewed by the companys external auditor. Briefly suck up the key requirements of Auditing Standards (AU) Section 722, Interim monetary controversys. Why wouldnt all companies (public and private) engage their auditors to perform timely reviews of retardation financial statements?The term interim financial information means financial information or statements covert a period less than a full year or for a 12-month period ending on a date other than the entitys fiscal year end.A review incorporates principally of perform analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons trusty for financial and accounting matters, and does not conjecture (a) test of accounting records through inspection, observation, or confirmation (b) tests of controls to evaluate their effectiveness (c) the obtain net of corroborating evidenc e in response to inquiries or (d) the performance of certain other procedures ordinarily performed in an audit.The decision to have a review engagement is a joint decision of the client and auditor. So a review would be performed when the benefits to the auditor and to the client exceed the be to both parties. In general, firms with high complexity are more credibly to be reviewed than firms with low complexity. Firms with high growth opportunities a less possible to be reviewed than those with low growth opportunities for they may be associated with high information and litigation risks. And its also about the firms audit assurance and redress needs.6. Describe whether you think Comptronixs executive team was inherently corrupt from the beginning. How is it possible for otherwise honest people to become involved in frauds like the one at Comptronix?We dont think Comptronixs executive team was inherently dishonest from the beginning. In opposite, we think there are two main re asons for the company committed the fraud.The first is its weak internal control.First comes to the companys board of director. The board of directors is responsible for overseeing the actions of management. Factors that bear on the effectiveness of the board include the extent of its independence from management, the experience and stature of its members, the extent to which it raises and pursues difficult questions with management, and its interaction with the internal and external auditors. the audit committee of the board of directors should be composed of independent directors who are not officers or employees of the organization and who do not have other relationships that impair independence. In addition, the audit committee should have one or more members who have financial reporting expertise.However, Comptronixs board of directors consist of the CEO and the COO of the company, And two of the other five directors who had close affiliations with management, one served as the companys outside general legal counseling and the other who served as vice president of manufacturing for a significant customer of Comptronix, and one of the remaining outside directors who was a partner in the venture capital firm that owned 574,978 shares (5.3%) of Comptronixs common stock, the second outside director who was the vice chairman and CEO of the local bank to begin with loaning money to the company, and the third outside director who was president of an transnational components supplier based in Taiwan.And there was no indication of whether any of these individuals had accounting or financial reporting backgrounds. 28.6% of the board consisted of inside directors. And even all of the board of directors disobey the independence and effectiveness of the formation of the board of directors. The interest relationship with the company increased the potential risk for the management to commit fraud.The second reason is the huge pressure of harsh tilt for the companies in the industry. The fraud was motivated by the loss of a key customer in 1989 to the three executives former employer, SCI. Since the first manipulation of the financial statement, they were forced to manipulate the other years and evidences to hide the manipulation, which created a sinful circle.In conclusion, the weak internal control system forgetd a upright environment for the commission of fraud. The huge pressure of the company brought the motivation of the fraud. two of them played important roles for the honest people to become involved in frauds.7. Auditing Standards (AU) Section 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, notes that three conditions are generally present when fraud occurs. Research the peremptory standards for auditors and provide a brief summary of each of the three fraud conditions. Additionally, provide an example from the Comptronix fraud of each of the three fraud conditions.(1) trey fraud conditionsFirst, management or other em ployees have an incentive or are under pressure, which provides a reason to commit fraud. Second, circumstances existfor example, the absence of controls, ineffective controls, or the ability of management to tip over controlsthat provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated. Third, those involved are able to rationalize committing a fraudulent act. Some individuals possess an attitude, character, or set of ethical values that allow them to knowingly and intentionally commit a dishonest act.(2) ExamplesThe incentive for top company executive to do fraud is that after the company went public, the company needed an increasing number for profit on the income statement, to attract more investors and make the stock price higher and higher.One of the opportunities for fraud perpetrated in Comptronix is that their internal controls were so insufficient. The three executives had so many authorities to get access to various accounts. They can get control of both checks and accounts payable, which enable them to make fake equipment purchasing preserve.Because Comptronixs quarterly filings were unaudited, the executives were successful in manipulating quarterly financial statements. After they successfully manipulated 1989 year-end sales and receivables, they thought their performance may not be discovered by external auditors and SEC, so they began arrangement fictitious quarterly sales frequently.8. Auditing Standards Section 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, notes that there is a possibility that management knock over of controls could occur in every audit and accordingly, the auditor should include audit procedures in every audit to address that risk.a. What do you think is meant by the term management override?Management override of internal controls is the intervention by managers in handling financial information and making decisions contrary to internal control policy. Managers may think they have the ability to operate outsi de of the internal controls, but this is not true.b. provide two examples of where management override of controls occurred in the Comptronix fraud.For example, Mr. Medilin, as controller and treasurer, has the authorization to manipulate both sales documents and accounts receivable documents. Thus he can enter bogus sales into the accounting system then make fake accounts receivable to mislead the companys earnings. Moreover, in order to overstate the equipment and accounts payable, the three company executives cut fake checks to the bogus accounts payable vendors associated with the fake purchases of equipment. However, the check preparing and recording of equipment purchases jobs should be distributed to different staff. Handling these two jobs at the same time by same executives provide them opportunity to make overstated recording of equipment purchasing.c. Research AU Section 316 to identify the three required auditor responses to further address the risk of management overri de of internal controls. third required auditor responses to further address the risk of management override (1) Examining journal entries and other adjustments for evidence of possible material misstatement due to fraud. (2) Reviewing accounting estimates for biases that could result in material misstatement due to fraud. (3) Evaluating the business rationale for significant unusual transactions.

Handwashing Related Literature

There atomic pop off 18 grave consequences when populate do non w ash their hand or wash them improperly. It is humpn that hold be the main media for contaminants acquire to slew, whether the vitiateions argon airborne, oral or tactile. Infectious diseases that be reciprocally spread through hand to hand contact intromit the common c sexagenarian, and several gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhoea ( pissAid, 2006). homosexual men normally harbour microorganisms two as part of a nigh carcasssnormal microbial flora as s well as flying microbes acquired from the environment (Lindberg et al, 2004). gibe to Kartha (200 ), many people consider hand wash drawing a waste of cartridge clip. However, they are unaware that workforce are hosts to many bacterium and vir utilisations that cease stick infectious diseases. E actually human being comes in contact with germs and bacteria in their daily life. These harmful microorganisms are present all just about on d oor knobs, faucets, light switches, tables, and railings. pot inte balance these things during the day season doing their routine work without much apprehension, and then touch their face, philias, nose, and some fourth dimensions decimate provender too.Through these acts, the microorganisms get into the body, causing several diseases. People, who are wishless at process manpower, encounter catching flu, or coolness, or any gastrointestinal illness (Kartha, 2001). Mayo Clinic (2009) excessively asserted that as people touch bingle another, surfaces and objects throughout the day, they accumulate germs on their transfer. In turn, they hindquarters infect themselves with these germs by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Hands serve as vectors transmitting pathogens to nourishmentstuffs and drinks and to the mouths of susceptible hosts (Huttly, 1997). legion(predicate) food borne diseases and pathogenic microorganisms are spread by contaminated hold. If pathogens fr om human faeces enter a souls mouth, they will ca routine diarrhoea. School going nestlingren are exposed to great risks of diarrhoetic disease by consuming contaminated wet system and food (Dasgupta, 2005). Students in schools or colleges are much likely to take repast and pee without laundry hands and may be exposed to risk of infection (Tambekar et al, 2007). If proper treatment is not given, this can prove fatal, curiously to children (WHO, 2006).In Ghana, funeral celebrations are very(prenominal) consequential social functions at which hundreds of people gather. From experience, unmatchable important activity during such gatherings is handshaking. Indeed, it is considered offensive and disrespectful for cultural determine when one does not proffer his hand for shaking. It is however unfortunate that when people are served snacks and food during such occasions, handwashing facilities are not made available. People in that locationfore eat with un washed hands.The a dvent of some serious gastrointestinal illnesses (for example, cholera) had been traced to such gatherings. Handwashing defined Handwashing is defined as the act of cleansing the hands with peeing or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of scoopful or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms (Biology-online, 2011 Medconditions, 2011). 2. 6. 1 Attitudes of handwashing Handwashing has been an age old practice globally. It is carried out for varied reasons, including religious, cultural, health and moral reasons.Attitudes towards handwashing are very important. They go a long way to determine the practice of handwashing and its center on health. In a study by Hoque et al (1995), 90 women from randomly selected households in rural Bangladesh were observed washing their hands aft(prenominal) defaecation. Thirty-eight portion of the women apply corpse, 2% utilize ash, 19% used scoop, and 41% used pissing nevertheless without a rubbing factor. A total of 44% of women washed both hands, darn 56% washed tho(prenominal) their left hands.About 78% of the women dried or wiped their hand on their habilitate and the rest let them air dry. According to SHEWA-B (2007), in Bangladesh (and in some regions of the sub-continent), observations on handwashing practices identified that handwashing with body of body of water alone sooner food preparation and eating was quite common (47 76%), merely washing hands with lash or ash was observed =2% of the time. serve of both hands with soap or ash was more common subsequentlywards(prenominal) defaecation (17 18 %), later on cleaning a childs anus (22 24%) or after handling cow dung (12 20%).Findings also showed that availability of handwashing materials such as soap, ash or mud at the site of handwashing was low, with approximately 30%, and =1% of households having the specified material. weewee availability was high. Hand drying was observed to take place before preparing f ood, after defaecation, after eating and before serving food. A high simile of females did not dry their hands after handwashing. A staggering one out of three Americans skips handwashing after going to the bathroom.Only 30% of people who suck up coughed or sneezed into their hands wash their hands afterwards. Kids are plane worse. In a survey of junior high and high school boys and girls, only 58% of girls and 48% of boys washed up after using the rest room (Wisegeek. com, 2011). Worldwide rates of handwashing with soap are very low. slice many wash their hands with water, only a small percent use soap at critical times. In Ghana, for example, the rates for handwashing with soap after defaecation is 3% and after cleaning up a child is also 3% each (PPPHW, 2010). 2. 6. Economic considerations Efforts to modify human de compressedour are complex. People can only expect to be undefeated if there is an understanding of what motivates, facilitates, and hinders adequate handwashing behaviour (Curtis et al, 1997 OBoyle et al, 2001). Curtis et al (2001) noted that modern methods of promoting handwashing can be trenchant and cost-effective on a large scale. Studies signal that soap is widely available, even in poor people households in developing countries, although it is aboutly used for bathing and washing clothes (Borghi et al, 2002).In rural India and Bangladesh, soap is a lot considered a beautifying agent or for the physiological feeling of cleanliness which it gives, rather than being associated with the removal of microorganisms or health benefits (Hoque and Briend, 1991 Hoque et al, 1995). In low income communities, soil, mud or ash may be used as a zero cost alternative to soap for handwashing (Zeitlyn and Islam, 1991). Hoque et al (1995) again report that alin concert, 81% of non-soap users stated that they might use soap, but were unable to afford it. Critical times for handwashingA defensive strategy is important when trying to avoid infectin g oneself with an illness lying in wait (Wisegeek. com, 2011). According to Mayo Clinic (2009), frequent handwashing is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. Although it is im contingent to keep hands germ-free, washing hands frequently can help limit the transfer of bacteria, viruses and other microbes. It is possible that people do not wash their hands as often as they should. Handwashing sustains both diarrhoea and respiratory infections effectively whendone properly and at critical times.The critical times must be observed and cognizant efforts made to clean hands at such times. A number of sources (Mayo Clinic, 2009 ASH, 2011, alone Family Resources, 1999 and CDC, 2010) agree on a number of critical times when hands must be washed. The critical times include ? to begin with preparing food ? Before eating ? Before treating wounds or giving medication ? Before touching a sick or injured person ? Before inserting or removing contact lenses ? after preparing food, especially raw warmheartedness or poultry ? After using the toilet/bathroom ? After changing a diaper After touching an wildcat, or animal toys, leashes or waste ? After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into your hands ? After touching a sick or injured person ?After handling garbage or something that could be contaminated, such as a cleaning cloth or soiled shoes ? Whenever hands look dirty. Some include also washing hands after handling money (ASH, 2011), before going home, immediately one gets home, on arrival at the workplace (All Family Resources, 1999), after combing hair (USDA, 2011) and after smoking (Earths kids, 2011). . 6. 4 Process of handwashing Though people know the importance of handwashing, not many know how to do it properly. Handwashing does not mean just running water over your palms. It has to be done very carefully and in detail (Kartha, 2001). Mayo Clinic (2009) suggests the following steps ? wicked hands with (running) water ?Apply c leansing agent ? Lather well ? Rub hands vigorously for at to the lowest degree 10 to 20 routines, remembering to scrub all surfaces, including the backs of hands, wrists, surrounded by fingers and under fingernails ? Rinse well Dry hands with a clean or disposable towel or dryer. The above steps throw away been advocated by several sources as well. These include ASH (2011) All Family Resources (1999) CDC (2010) Kartha (2001) Wisegeek. com (2011) and Gavin (2011). 2. 6. 5 Correct length of time Equally important is the length of time that hands are to be washed. The key is to lather up hands and rub vigorously for at least 15 to 20 seconds. Some suggest singing gifted Birthday or the ABCs to keep a child washing hands for the correct amount of time (Wisegeek. com, 2011).Earths Kids (2011) suggested that children sing a fun song while washing hands to mark the time of 15 20 seconds, so that they know how long they wash. Gavin ((2011) said to use soap and lather up for 20 second s. Mayo Clinic (2009) noted that wet, fulsome hands should be rubbed together outside the stream of running water for at least 20 seconds. CDC (2010) suggested bush hands for 20 seconds, and while singing Happy Birthday twice to get to 20 seconds. PPPHW (2008) also suggested singing any local fun song that would make up to 20 seconds while hands are being rubbed together after applying cleansing agent.According to ASH (2011), hands must be rubbed together for at least 10 seconds while singing Happy Birthday one time for a perfect length of time. Rub hands vigorously until a soapy lather appears and continue for at least 15 seconds (All Family Resources, 1999). Mohave County schooling Technology (2001) also recommends rubbing hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. From the foregone discussions it can be seen that rubbing hands together vigorously for anytime between 10 to 20 seconds or more should be adequate for pathogen lessening on the hands. Quantity of water needed for rins e off handsAccessible and plentiful water has been shown to encourage better hygiene, particularly handwashing (Curtis and Cairncross, 2000). Also, discourses to improve water quality at the source along with treatment of household water and safe storage systems have been shown to reduce diarrhoea incidence by as much as 47% (WHO, 2008). Hoque et al (1995), in a study, observed that as many as 74% of the 90 women rinsed their hands with 0. 7 litre of water or less. They however recommend that rinse off with 2 litres of clean water was protective, although such volumes may be ticklish tosustain in the absence of on-plot access to water.Since pathogens removed during handrubbing have to be rinsed away, there must be a reasonable flow of water (Standard operational Procedures, 1997). Mayo Clinic (2009) suggested the use of running water for rinsing hands. Water scarcity has an impact on hygiene practices such as handwashing. It could draw out to personal transmission due to inade quate personal and domestic hygiene. Water scarcity can therefore result in faecal-oral, skin and eye infections (Cairncross, 2011). Temperature of waterContrary to universal belief, scientific studies by Michaels et al (2002), and Laestadius and Dimberg (2005), have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands. Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not acrid enough to execute bacteria. Microorganisms proliferate much faster at body temperature (37 degrees C). However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing the natural oils which hold soils and bacteria (US Food and Drugs Administration, 2006). All Family Resources (1999) indicated that warm water should always be used for handwashing.ASH (2011), Kartha (2001), Wisegeek. com (2011) and Gavin (2011) also suggested the use of warm water for handwashing. CDC (2010) said that clean running water that was warm or cold could be used. The temperature of wa ter has not been shown to be important in handwashing (Standard direct Procedures, 1997). Efficacy of cleansing agents in microbial reduction Esrey et al (1991) have suggested that reducing the rate of pathogen usance causes the incidence of severe infections to begin to fall before that of mild ones. The reduction in the severity of infection is the last purpose of handwashing.Therefore microbial reduction on hands would reduce the ingestion of pathogens since the hands have been proved to be the main transport channel for gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory share infections, skin infections (eg. impetigo) as well as eye infections (eg. conjunctivitis). This makes the agent employed in handwashing a necessary factor. Water only Pure water has a pH of seven, which makes it neutral. It is also cognise as a universal solvent. A number of studies (Cairncross, 1993 Ghosh et al, 1995 Khan, 1982 Oo et al, 2000) suggested that handwashing with water only provides little or no bene fit.The application of water alone is ineffective for cleaning skin because water is often unable to remove fats, oils and proteins, which are particles of organic soil (Standard Operating Procedure, 1997). Kalanke (Mali) (2011) noted that handwashing with water alone does not remove many germs. Hoque and Briend (1991), on the contrary, showed that whilst less effective than when using a rubbing agent such as soap, mud or ash, some reductions in contamination were found when washing with water alone.Data on the potential of handwashing with soap-based formulations, compared with water alone, in the removal of bacteria and viruses (Ansari et al, 1989 Mbithi et al, 1993) suggest that, in most (but not all) cases, liquid soap-based formulations were more effective than water only. However, the authors concluded that the differences were not statistically significant. Ash Hoque and Briend (1991) indicated that the use of alternative rubbing agents (mud or ash) provided the equal bene fits as soap.Again, Hoque et al (1995) also found that the use of ash and soap all achieved the same level of cleanliness. Ash, however, is considered less pleasant on the hands compared with soap or soil (Hoque and Briend, 1991). Despite the positive lifesaving potential of handwashing with soap (ash), proper handwashing is not being practiced regularly by children in schools and homes (WASH United, 2010). citrus linden tree harvest-home Scientifically known as Citrus aurantifolia, there are two natural groups of the citrus lime fruit acid (sour) limes, and acidless (sweet) limes.The West Indian lime, also called Mexican and Key lime is round, small-fruited, moderately seedy and highly polyembryonic it has a thin, smooth rind, greenish habitus and a citric acid content ranging from 7% to 8%. It is usually grown as a seedling, as no satisfactory rootstock is known, but in Ghana it is grown on Rough git stock (Samson, 1986). Soap A number of studies indicate that washing hands with soap is the critical component of the handwashing behaviour (Cairncross, 1993 Ghosh et al, 1997 Khan, 1982 Oo et al, 2000). Kartha (2001) noted that the most intrinsic thing required to wash hands is soap.Again, studies have shown that hands can carry faeces to surfaces, to foods, and to future hosts, and handwashing with soap is effective in removing pathogens (Han et a. , 1986 Kaltenthaler et al, 1991 Ansari et al, 1991). Improvements in access to safe water and adequate sanitation, along with the pro question of wakeless hygiene practices (particularly handwashing with soap), can help prevent diarrhoea (Black et al, 2003). PPPHW (2011) affirmed that promoted on a wide enough scale, handwashing with soap can be thought of as a do- it-yourself vaccine. Choice of soapDebate has been ongoing about the best fictitious character of soap to be used in handwashing. A study by Aiello (2007) indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps in preve nting illness and removing bacteria from the hands. Mayo Clinic (2009) admonished people to keep in look that antibacterial soap is no more effective at kill germs than is regular soap. Using antibacterial soap may even lead to the development of bacteria that are resistant to the products antimicrobial agents making it harder to kill these germs in the future.Commenting on favoured features for soap, women in Ghana cited a range of judges smell, cost, food grain and durability, and its capacity to be used for multiple purposes. For the women, the most important attribute was the smell of the soap, andthe most popular scents were mild lime and lemon. Concerning cost, cheaper soaps were preferred, although women were sometimes unstrained to pay more if the soap was larger or they thought it would last longer. Commenting on texture / durability, associated with cost, women preferred harder bar soaps or liquid varieties as they thought they lasted longer.So strong was the prefer ence for hard soaps that many stored soap in cool or sunny or airy places to harden them before use. Some women thought liquid soap more economical since only a peanut size was adequate for each hand wash. Many women preferred laundry bar soap because it could be used as a multipurpose soap such as for laundering, bathing and washing dishes at the same time (PPPHW, 2010). The act of handrubbing It has been suggested by Hoque et al, (1995) that the key component of the handwashing process is the mechanical rubbing of the hands.They noted that the trend towards better results from handwashing with both hands, increased frequency of rubbing and an increased volume of rinsing water all support the prime importance of scrubbing / frictional motion and consequent washing out of loose bacteria with water. Although results of studies carried out suggest that the use of a rubbing agent is important, the authors suggested that the nature of the rubbing agent is a less important factor. Soap, they indicated, was more effective than soil and ash because soap users tend to rub their hands more and use more water to rinse away the soapy feeling on them.CDC (2011) sure people to rub hands together vigorously to make a lather and to continue scrubbing for 20 seconds because it takes that long for the soap and scrubbing action to dislodge and remove stubborn germs. Beneficial effects of handwashing Handwashing has been regarded as a key infection-control practice since Semmelweis suggested its introduction in health care settings (Semmelweis, 1847 in Koo, 2008). The handwashing behaviour has been shown to cut the number of child deaths from diarrhoea (the second prima(p) cause of child deaths) by almost half(prenominal) and from pneumonia (the leading cause of child deaths) by one-quarter (WHO, 2008).The strong causal relationship between hand hygiene and gastro-intestinal disease risk has also been demonstrated by meta-analysis of community based interventions. Curtis and Cairncross (2003) estimated a reduction of 42 47% in diarrhoeal diseases associated with handwashing. Fewtrell et al (2005) showed a 44% reduction in diarrhoeal illness associated with handwashing. In a study, Aiello et al (2008) estimated that handwashing with soap combined with gentility could produce a 39% reduction in gastrointestinal illness. All the three meta-analyses were carried out using data from studies conducted in both true and developing countries.In a review of hand hygiene studies involving respiratory tract infections, Rabie and Curtis (2006) reported that hand hygiene (handwashing, education and waterless hand sanitizers) can reduce the risk of respiratory infections by 16%. Aiello et al. (2008) also estimated that the reduction in respiratory illness associated with the pooled effects of hand hygiene (handwashing with soap, use of alcohol handrubs) was 21%. A study conducted by Luby et al (2005) reported the impact of handwashing with soap on pneumonia in chil dren under five, in squat settlements in Karachi, Pakistan.The results indicated a 50% reduction in pneumonia in the intervention compared with the control group. Luby et al noted that a link between handwashingand the bar of pneumonia in developing countries is plausible on the basis that, in developing countries it is known that viruses cause pneumonia. Another study found that children under 15 years living in households that received handwashing promotion and soap had half the diarrhoeal rates of children living in control neighbourhoods (Luby et al, 2004).Because handwashing can prevent the transmission of a variety of pathogens, it may be more effective than any single vaccine. Handwashing can also prevent skin infections (eg. impetigo), eye infections (eg. conjunctivitis), intestinal worms, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Avian Flu. It benefits the health of people living with HIV/AIDS. Handwashing is effective in preventing the spread of disease even in overc rowded, highly contaminated slum environments (PPPHW, 2008).