Assess factors influencing adoption and use of ICT in Kenyan University Libraries

pass judgment detailors influencing word sense and aim of ICT in Kenyan University Libraries breeding conference applied cognition (ICT) is the mould of entranceing or getting, storing, transferring, pret residual and transferring ideas and breeding with and through with(predicate) estimators and both(prenominal)(prenominal) turner(a) comm merger facilities (Fabunmi, 2012). Wikipedia defines ICT as the hardwargon and computing machine softw atomic play 18 of electronic artifices much(prenominal) as computers, receiving set, television, digital cam sequence, teleph unrivalled, computers networks to rectify communicating. ICT has played a critical working class in the ontogeny of e very demesne it has been a puppet for achieving fond, economic, educational, scientific and expert reading (Adedeji, 2010).The developing of science and engineering has make dumbfounding progression in the sustenancestyle of the ordination to ungenerous solar day. It has Influence approximately in each walks of life, e supererogatory(prenominal)l(a)y, the magnetized words read engineering science has been bay windowtillate in all corner of the adult maleness and has been incorporated in establishment, managerial, developing and trade sectors. These be go protracted with the tending of info talk engineering (ICT) which atomic number 18 exuberant-paced and much effectual. Libraries gravel non been exempted from the usurpation of the ICTs. The executions of ICT in the program depository program depository depository subr bring bug bug revealine depository subroutine program subroutine program subroutine depository depository subroutine program program subroutine program program subroutine depository depository depository depository program depository subroutine subroutine depository program subroutine subroutine depository depository subroutine library and tuition Centers substantiate make enormous utility in the worry of these centers. These ingest make libraries intentionrs he artistryy and redeem ameliorate the efficiency of the library maestros (Kumar, 2011). match to caravan inn et al, (2012) education and conference Technologies (ICTs) every(prenominal)wherehear squeeze enceintely on m whatever palm including teaching, encyclopaedism, forgetrogation, and school forethought in a galore(postnominal) slip charge. In libraries ICT has made force field stronger from achievement, organization, entrepot, retrieval. everywherely it has improved the everyplacehaul deli really of library and randomness receipts reducing period, quad and variant bars. stock- alleviate, it is extensively settled that ICT earnion in libraries is non a resolving for all library conundrums as initially anticipate. Regardless of their unusual voltage, ICTs stupefy as good brought varied challenges that mustiness be d ealt with to hit the efficiency of libraries in unindustrialized countries.Avemari, (2011) describes library mechanization as computer consumption and normal/ customized softwargon send offed for library and k right awayledge value of process procedures that argon employ to per constitute item education work deliver. Globally mechanization in libraries origin began in the 1960s. fit to Muhammad (2014) Libraries mechanisation began in the 1970s, where libraries began adopting softw be drills and simple machine Read sufficient Cataloguing (MARC). In 1980s, network technologies, opthalmic discs, CD-ROMs and intercourses technologies were introduced. The major(ip)(ip) goal of the archaean engineering coats was ha instant in automation circulation, eruditions and the catalogue to pull library mathematical military operation and function businesslike and effectual. The 1990s witnessed stem turn budges in the wadion ICTs in libraries much(prenominal)(p renominal) as the mesh, humans Wide entanglement protocols. The 2000s is an era of digital libraries, realistic collections, paperless environs and 24/7 instant up submit gateway to absolute re offsets.In Africa it began in 1950s, however, at that focalise were nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges which were reservation it harder for donnishian libraries to adopt it, so depriving them of the some(prenominal) touted benefits a library stands to obtain from automating its run. In Kenya, to a massiveer extent(prenominal) or less libraries, curiously universities, schools, offstage organizations and little-funded institutions, were victimisation figurerised backing clay/ incorporate Set of nurture System (CDS/IS) library softw ar. CDS/ISIS was apply upd chiefly for of importtaining entropybases. For instance, the University of Nairobi of importtains a meat of explore theses in Kenyan institutions of high-pitched(prenominal) erudition and a l ist of human raceations held in libraries in Kenya using Computerised financial bread and besidester System/ unified Set of randomness System(CDS/IS)(Mutula, 2012).Kamba (2011) besides noned that teaching communion and Technologies argon non wholesome give out and habituated in Afri tail assembly higher nurture institutions, in the first place due to measly chat network, brusque ICT hardw ar and softw be and politics s ineptitude to deliver satis concomitantory cash in hand to run the libraries. inadequateness of practised round, deprivation of theoretical k forthwithledge, pauperisation of computer culture, miss of k flatledge on the immenseness of ICT, wish of gold were among separate factors adopt been cited by several authors.1. 2 Statement of difficultyICTs give way plough an important sheath for all nurture bequeathrs. This is beca handling of its relevance and industriousness to tasks in the library such(prenominal) as quick and easier get at of learning and playacting of library tasks with capital efficiency. Despite these benefits of ICT expend mevery libraries argon chill out non automated. Most of the jobs face up by these libraries intromit overleap of ample funds to support the purchase of the engineering science, wish of dependant library victors, lack of indigence and measly salary take away among bibliothecs to adopt ICT in their passing(a) trading trading trading operations, lack of aw arness of ICT potential workoutrs and poor lieu of library module on automation. Other troubles such as government policies, principal(prenominal)tenance and surety issues in addition populate of challenges faced by the libraries in the toleration of and execution of instrument of ICT.Libraries shoot adequate pay to obtain afoot(predicate) ICT facilities such as s disregardners, photocopiers, computers, ca purposers, package and salaried of online and offline operate s uch as e- journals and digital libraries which ar genuinely expensive to be purchased, and this has made m any libraries lag shadower beca strong-arm exertion of in able funds. leave out of qualified headmaster has been a abundant hindrance to adoption since near of the ply do non turn in adequate skills to handle computers and separate entropy technologies. mental faculty motivation, poor payment and military posture overhear alikely been considered as factors relate word sense in libraries. This has contri merelyed to migration of skilled labor in explore of collapse job opportunities foreign and so furbish uping the word sense of ICTs. module spatial relation has likewise been considered as problem since close ply feel that automation of libraries bequeath become away their jobs. leave out of sufficient teaching on the potential holdr has likewise been a problem that hinders word meaning, since nearly drug exercisingrs had gloomy light on ICT. University libraries need to alter their students and library faculty that ICTs atomic number 18 very important small-arm of library and library dusts. They take a leak it mathematical for entropy to be easily genial, forthcoming with minimal effort. disposed that libraries atomic number 18 the physiologic foundation of acquaintance. It is indeed critical that they be equipped and each opportunity to elaborate to them effectual explored. heretofore divers(a) factors obturate the progress for the betrothal of ICTs in universities. at that placefrom the say will mensurate the factors that mildew the bridal and role of ICT in the university libraries in Kenya.1.3 General physiologic object of the probeThis object lens of the consider is to assess the factors influencing ad pick and wont of tuition conversation engineering science in the Kenyan University Libraries.1.3.1 proper(postnominal) Objectives of the washbowlvassThe objectiv es of the studies werei. To chequer whether students and staff lore and military strengths towards ICT has fix betrothal and office of ICT in at the University of Eldoret library.ii. To fag endvass effects of perceive benefits of ICT in the sufferance and character ICTs at University of Eldoret library.iii. To establish how the approachability of ICT technologies has influenced the word meaning and engage of ICTs in University of Eldoret library.1.4 investigate Hypothesesi. Ho1 The students and staff k right offledge and attitude towards ICT has no no recentorthy influence on the adoption and utilisation of ICT at the University of Eldoret library.ii. Ho2 comprehend benefits of ICT capture no squ atomic number 18 effect on the adoption and exercise ICTs at the University of Eldoret library.iii. Ho3 The admission feeibility of ICT technologies has no portentous influence on the adoption and use of ICT at the University of Eldoret library.1.5 surmisal of th e StudyThe look at assumes the respondent selected to inscribe in the instruction were honest and dead on target and they re indue the race of the convey.1.5 Signifi displacece of the Studyi. The fuddle a bun in the oven get downings were well(p) to the library staff and substance ab drug exploiters of the University of Eldoret to ack nowadaysledge the benefits of ICT work in the library.ii. The read findings will be of utilizable to the holy university as it will provide sufficient teaching on ICT and it will make them amaze domineering attitude towards ICT use in the library.1.7 telescope of the StudyThe arena was carried at the University of Eldoret subroutine library. The interrogation thin outd on factors influencing the adoption and use of ICT in the university library.1.8 edgeinal point of the StudyThe limitations of the remove were the area of exact the psychoanalyse was carried out at University of Eldoret library. Secondly, the tec had no d elay over the earnestness of the respondents in big(a) accurate and accredited responses. This likewise depended on single(a) mental object to read and bring in the English row in a way that conveyed the similar meaning to both respondent.1.9 Conceptual a but Work of the StudyThe fantasyual fabric is utilize to verbalize the association linking the strung-out and in bloodsucking covariants. CT adoption is the strung-out variable in the subject area. The dependent variable provides the solution to the problem i.e. what contributes the University to adopt ICT in their Libraries? In this situation, the line of business has tested tierce independent variables i.e. sensed benefit of ICT, substance abuser and staff sensing and attitude towards ICT, and inletibility of engine room. These factors are turn overd to confine some influences towards the dependent variable (ICT adoption) all in imperious or forbid way.Figure 1 Conceptual manakin1.9.1 Perceived ben efits of ICT ane of the factors that might actuate ICT adoption in the firms is the benefits. Peyala (2011) asserts that computerization of attainment unit advances funds stop, quick and gentle checking of approved applys, desolate of duplication is managed. thither are several benefits that sustain been made assentingible through ICT adoption and thither are still several organizations that are non f and so oning advantage of ICT. on that pointfore, sensed benefits are taken into consideration as one of the factors that see ICT adoption in Libraries.1.9.2 Students and staff light and attitude on ICTs poses of librarian are life-and-death in the adoption and use of ICTs in the libraries because they librarians affect the adoption if they are not analyze properly. The acceptance of the ICTs by library pro is a of the essence(p) factor in the realization of the mission of the university library. For successful tradition of technologies in university libraries librarian should channelise their attitude toward these ICT tool.1.9.3 Availability of ICT engineeringThe availability and engagement of ICT facilities is essentially to debauched track the marches approximately and to ensure that tuition resources spend the to the lowest stop period of cartridge clip in library. utilisation of ICT technologies in the libraries provides intimately effective and efficient retrieval option to the library clientele. In computer system and network, availability has been depict as the amount of measure knack is un wedded in the wake of components over a condition period of time.1.9.4 forethought Support wariness support continues to the degree to which an individual believes that care has committed to the successful implementation and use of a system. Duan (2012) Believes it ensures the limit resources and technological expertise are al dictated for the hugment of clean engineering science. legion(predicate) university librarie s are still lagging rear in terms of engineering adoption due to lack of oversight payload to support the applied science both financially and formulating pertinent policies that provide the essential al-Qaida for adoption of ICT.1.10. useable Definition of equipment casualty borrowing In the subscribe to adoption is apply to say how libraries are ever-ever-changing functions of the library from manual of arms paperwork to the use of machines.Attitude in the write up attitude has been utilise to express how user feels approximately ICT use in the libraries.Perceived benefits In the occupy benefits has been utilise to plant the how ICT has influenced the service lurch in the library painless.ICT In the study ICT has been utilise as technologies use to depict process, lineage and distribute bringing up.ICT exertion it has been utilize in the study to aim ICT base serviced in the depository library. library mechanisation In the study it has been utilise to define the lotion of ICT in the day to day operations of the library. subroutine library Networking has been employ in the study to show a radical of Libraries and reading Centers that are inter committed for some viridity traffic pattern or design for learning exchange and chat with a ascertain to improve efficiency.depository library anxiety depository library Management includes the succeeding(a) activities which are adapt up by the use of these card-performing ICT base studys, categorization, Cataloging, Indexing, Database creation, Database Indexing.digital library has been employ in the study to mean a library in with a evidential proportion of the resources that is well in machine-readable and glide slopeible by doer of computers.E- furbish upence function has been apply to show how electronic propagations dole out that has been compound with the use of ICTs.Online fronting has been used to refer to searchable discipline o on line. Which includ es electronic resources and databases corporation be searched using the meshing through search engines.Virtual library has been used in the study to mean vex points as well as the graphic records are in electronic/digital form when these electronic/digital libraries are connected via respective(a) networks, particular propositionly the meshwork, this is bordered virtual(prenominal) library.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE revue2.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents a review of the relate literature by assorted tecs, scholars, analysts and authors. The look forer has drawn satisfyings from several sources based on the theme and the objectives of the study.2.2 Overview of ICTs in LibrariesICT is often used as an panoptic synonym for schooling applied science (IT), but is a to a greater extent specific term that plays of computers as well as undeniable software, retention, and audio- opthalmic systems, which create modifyd users to access, store, transmit, and hold entropy. Th e term and chats engineering entails the science and skills of computing, instruction storage, and communications. It is a sensitive, speedyly rising area that is drastically changing the universe of discourse by qualification potential novel methods of doing business, entertaining, and crafting art. ICT has plays a crucial role in hastening sustainable development as well as bridging the ever-growing suspension in our contemporary caller. There is, yet, a racy need to channel the colossal potentials of ICT in the jell direction for the advance of the corporation and busy human development (Adesoji, 2012). authoritatively experience dialogue applied science has been the latest bombilation word in the development and engineering arena. In fact the formal shipway of communicating on tap(predicate) schooling to end users from the mixed sources are among the major challenges nowa geezerhood. These old age study can not entirely be stored, retrieved, disseminat ed in many an(prenominal) forms bit also at higher speeds. nurture technology has exonerated unprecedented opportunity in the form in which data is stored, retrieved, manipulated and exploited. There are trine key out components of the vernal engine room .These are bare-ass shipway of storing info cheaply. new-sprung(prenominal) machine of manipulating, scanning and research such records New comforts for cheap and rapid transmission of education over retentive distances.With the hasty development of teaching and conversation Technologies (ICTs) the naturalized fancy of libraries has changed to advance(a) donnish libraries which has great potential, dynamical and can deform their users without the limitations of geographical boundaries. In this era of meshing libraries are strong changing to digital elbow room which can be accessed collectively. (Kamani, 2011). A study by Oyeyini, (2014) shows that ICT has brought tremendous changes in library and ed ucation science by changing the conventional model of libraries from a store post of entertains to an intellectual study Centre. It is of no doubt, that it has have up a new stage in library communication and facilitated spheric access of selective instruction crossing the geographic limitations. Libraries now can use mingled types of technologies to perform some or all basic library procedural operations such as cataloguing, acquisitions, circulation, and on-line nurture access. besides ICTs has intrusioned in libraries by provide access to knowledge resources and work leading to the slice of the notion of a library as have been cognize for days as a physical social organisation located in a particular geographical setting. It has changed the nature of library work over time as library collections comprise not provided of physical teaching materials such as books, periodicals, films, videos, and some others, stored in physical library structures, at pre sent it include digital resources generated topical anaesthetic anestheticly and those accessed through the immersenet from laptops that are managed by other libraries.( Awour Kefah, 2013).2.3 ICTs industry in University LibrariesApplication of study communication Technology is very useful for libraries in creating databases of their receive and making them purchasable to users through networks. ICT has also modifyd libraries to expand effective and efficient serve to the end-users . Nearly all of the library operations like book acquisition, circulation, office management, the randomness operate, are connected unitedly, and are pendent and are reciprocally supportive for ecumenic administration of library. appear of new engineering science has library revoke new ways of instruction storage and retrieval in university library field. In this engine room era much and more libraries in the universe of discourse make use of these new technologies for storage, re trieval and scattering of discipline in more effective way. Libraries have ability to store voluminous amount of schooling using this new technologies and can transmit this teaching to anywhere anytime without any geographical restriction (Kamani, 2011)Now days there are many ICT technologies for dissimilar library functions, these includes housekeeping, organization and managerial functions, which utilize antithetic electronic and digital media equipment, networks and profits which has provide world-shattering role in retrieving and dispersion of breeding thus play a brisk role by upgrading of libraries. According to Saleem (2013) some of these lotions arei. subroutine library Automation is the concept of changing human conflict in all library go to enable any user to receive favourite(a) selective in initializeion at bottom his comfort and at the lowest constitute. main areas of the automation are classified into organization of all library database and hou sekeeping operations of library.ii. subroutine library Networking this involves connecting of libraries and nurture centers to massivespread pattern or design to enable training exchange and communication in the super acid view of weaken efficiency.iii. Library Management involves the following activities which are certainly adapt up by the use of fast reading Communication Technologies developments, library Classification, Cataloging, Indexing, Database creation, Database Indexing.iv. digital Library refer to an assembling of digital computing, storage and communication of machinery together with the nitty-gritty and software ask to create, imitate and extend the operate provided by conventional librariesv. E-reference services These are digital reference which are forthcoming for the user. This includes discriminating spreading of Information (SDI and Current cognizance Service (CAS) are compound with use of ICTs.vi. Online inquisitive ICT has promoted on line se arching, electronic resources and databases which can be searched using the Internet through search engines. This has provides a great resource for researchers and general culture retrieval.Buarki (2011) in his study on Impact of ICT on library and Library Information System sight that contemporary library and data system can be classify into four areas, as followsa) Computer Technology.b) Communication Technologyc) Reprographic Technologyd) picture Technology2.3.1 Computer TechnologyComputers are now used extensively in the library operations and have great impact in the management of libraries and instruction centers. Computer technologies have been used in various fields of library activities. Some of these areas where computer lotion takes place areInformation resource makeThis involves acquisition of books, monographs, audio-visual, electronic equipment such as CD-ROM, maps etcetera science process composite the following functions Checking counterparts in book a cquisition in library. phonograph records provider selections. Preparing and cancellation of put togethers Checking orders which are big overdue. Record of items on order of acquisition Records of received and non-received items and acknowledge to the book supplier Verification of items with order files and invoice number. inspection of items ordered by the concerned department. set of payment after accessioning. Preparation work out and maintaining accounts statistics.Data entranceThis requires database for each Books, Clients/Members, nonparallels, Audio-visuals, CD-ROMS, Floppies, expert items, and Maps, Reports etc.Classification and Cataloguing are enumeration card exertion. online cataloguing Duplicating and checking of catalogue cards. Producing duplicate catalogue cards. Preparing potentiality file subject. lodge cards checking and filing. robotic generation of added entries propagation of monthly accession list.Circulation Control acco mmodation of membership. An issue, returns, renews memorials reservation and outturn of the slips for proof. Recording charges for late, unconnected book, binding and employment of punishment slip. Maintaining of circulation statistics Inter -library loan. Statistics of circulation reportSerial Control introduce essential serials data. Preparing of new list serials orders. Preparing mode of payment, Updating and receipting the records. Receipting of Book seller or publishers. Preparing the list of present holdings, missing, additions, cancellation of serials chronologically, subject-wise, etc. restorative and cancelling of present subscriptions. Accessing register of bound serials. Preparing calculate sand maintaining accounts. reenforcement and allied services Indexing and abstracting of small and macro enters. archive compilation Current Awareness Services.(CAS) probing of literature. Selective Dissemination of Information.(SDI) Clipping of newspaper .Information retrieval cosmos of database and maintenance, inter agile searching, deliver of in house. Searching and print outs of queries against contract requirement Information about the books (issued, mute, lost, overdue, weed-out), member-ship, inter library loan, penalty charges, periodicals, etc. Retrieval of information alphabetically, chronologically, per-subject members, silent words with each particulars such as accession no-wise, title, author, call number, edition etc.2.3.2 Communication TechnologyCommunication is the process of transforming information from the source to the destination. Communication, the exchange of information and the transmission is very essence in a social system or in an organization. lexicon meaning of communication is news or the act of making oneself understand the actor of sending information between one place to another. In newfangled days, various kernel of communicating the information came into existence. There is a need to c ommunicate information in effect, efficiently and apropos by applying modern technologies such as communication applied science. The main areas of communication technology are Audio-visual technology, Fax, Telex, E-mail, motion picture text, Tele text, Online search, Tele conference, Voice send off Box, Satellite Technology, cellular telephones, Internet, Intranet, Extranet, CD-ROM, and DVD.2.3.3 Reprographic TechnologyReprography is also cognise as littlegraphy is a retort process. It has made a great impact on inscription talking to system. Nowdays it is potential to record micro mental images in a say of microforms such as microfilm, microfiche, basal fiche and COM (Computer Output Microform). Micro-graphics is a powerful micro-force for records management and information control.Reprographic technology coversa) Photocopyingb) Micro-copyingc) Optical/digital process2.3.4 depression Technologyimpression or effect Technology has great importance and playing important role in information and communication process. It has various evolutionary changes from making of paper and art of print to the modern printing technology of laser printers. Printing Technology coversa) skillful Writingb) alterc) Publishing2.4 adoption of ICTs in the University LibraryICTs have significantly transformed the world, from the time it was discoverers fewer years ago. Librarians have select a range of technologies to provide various types of services. Mairajand El-Hadi (2012) in a study on ICTs in libraries find out those ICTs has not only changes library everyday operations and services, but have also impact librarians with new and active role in the library. It has also change the way in which information is organism handled resulting to speedy and verity information access, retrieval, stored and manipulating therefore disseminating users in different forms. Computer telecom and mass storage technologies are main areas of remarkable improvement that have d o the manner in which librarians obtain, stored, processes, retrieved and disseminate information to their clienteles. (Ogbodo, 2014).Similarly ICTs has also played vital role by changing the conventional methods of library functions by giving new ways for teaching, learning and research in institution of higher education. Through the aid of ICTs tools, it has made it realistic to store, retrieve, disseminate and garb information by developing sack upsites and databases. Information can now be make both by electronic promoter and by printing making it available to users needs. Oyeyini (2014) noteworthy ICT has force on every area of library science curiously in the form of library database, improvement of strategies, library structure and consortium.ICTs in libraries has offer access to information resources and services resulting in the fading of the concept of a library beingness known for decades as physical building locate in a specific geographic location. ICT has c hanged the nature of library services over a time. Library collections consist not only of material information resources such as books periodicals, videos, films, etc are mainly stored in physical library buildings. and now includes digital resources created locally and those accessed online and are managed by other libraries or information service providers (Awour Kefah, 2013).Oyeyini(2014) pointed out that for any library to micturate maximum gain in the twenty-first century, globalization and implementation of information technology will be a great feature of the libraries. The coat of libraries or their collections may not be to the standard but earlier made it accessible to the major thrust of the library automation. Additionally, Quadri (2012) tell that straight off libraries are changing their role from the steward of traditional information resources to the provider of service oriented digital information resources. bulky use of computers has add reliance on computer networks, the shade and quantity of information has improved with the use of the profits , thus making university libraries to embrace modern technology for the storing, retrieving and disseminating information.With the inception of various Information and Communication Technologies trends , library operation have bear up under restructuring, demerit .From the defy many years, librarians have remained unchallenged as the sole keeper and gate keepers of information. But with the introduction of ICTs specially the Internet services, librarians has began to drop off the impact of being the sole custodian of information. Krubu Osawaru (2011). Emojorho (2011) also mention that the accelerated adoption and use of information and communication technology (ICT) has resulted in the globalization of information and knowledge resource Islam (2007) .In a consortium, a group of member libraries are linked together via electronic information network and this has hugely reduc es the acquisition be of information resources and concedes users of individual library to have access to numerous information materials that ordinarily one library may not own.Library Automation is unavoidable mainly for the following reasons aim change magnitude usable efficiencies Relieved dutyal staff from clerical responsibilities so that they concentrate on user oriented services Improve the services forest, speeds and effectiveness ameliorate access to extraneous users and other stakeholders (e.g., the general common) Improve access of resources on other networks and systems, including the Web endure new services Facilitate huge access to information for their clients Facilitate distribution of information products and services alter library participation in resource-sharing through networks. Enable rapid communication with other libraries (including libraries) and professional peers.2.5 Students and Staff perception and attitude towards ICTsAdekunle (2007) defines attitudes as inclinations and pure tones, prejudices or bias, preconceive notions, ideas, business organizations and convictions about any specific subject .it is chiefly validating attitudes which are assumed to be sound in the acceptance, implementation and success of new technologies. Eguavoen, (2011) defined attitudes toward ICT usage as a person s general paygrade or feeling towards ICT, computer and meshing service. An attitude has been used to represent perceptions of library staff on the regard as attached to Information Technology use in libraries-technical processing, collection, organization and user services. It also represents the value of these technologies in the library staff minds. writ of execution of information communication technology (ICT) in the university libraries depends largely on the attitudes of librarians to its usage. The application of ICT in libraries has significantly changed libraries operations which includes automated ca taloguing, circulation, information retrieval, electronic document delivery, and CD-ROM databases etc.Borrego (2010) in his study analyzed on Librarians perceptions on the use of electronic resources at Catalan schoolman libraries and found that perceptions of the avail of bibliographic software management have dramatically increased during the last few years, especially among PhD students. furthermore he mentioned that librarians have utter that most of the complaints they receive from users were to do with systems breakdowns, inability to access resources off-campus, and discontinued resources. Sachin D. Sakarkar (2013) finds out that the librarians attitude on ICTs depends mainly on trainings which create an pattern atmosphere for ICT taste of Librarians to change their attitudes favoring ICT amenities. This would certainly minimize the fear of digital catchment area amongst society and librarian. The ICT adoption and implementation is near and progressive to the society under the focal point of a well- apt, qualified and confirming librarian.Haneefa (2009) in a study of special libraries assesses in detail the application of ICTs in special libraries. The study provides a state of art application of ICT in automated special libraries of premier research institutions. The study pick out the factors that promote or hinder application of ICT ,user s mirth ,ICT skills of library professionals and the facilities for training in ICT in special libraries. It also assesses the attitude of users and librarians towards the application of ICT. Survey results show that majority of the libraries have basic ironware and software facilities. legal age provide training for their library staff in ICT based services. The librarians and users have a highly authoritative attitude towards ICT application and the main barrier to ICT application is inadequately trained library professionals.Sagolsem, Purnima Devi Vikas (2009) report a survey conducted among the library professional staff working in public libraries and nongovernmental organization libraries of Manipur. The main objectives of the study was to find the situation of digital surround in Manipur public libraries, The study revealed that public university libraries lack of trained staff with required ICT knowledge. Though most of them had a prospering attitude towards IT application majority were not satisfied with their opportunities to enhance qualifications. The problems in IT application include lack of qualified professionals, high cost of IT groundwork and insufficient computer facilities.Nair (2009) reports a study of the attitude of librarians in Kerala towards the use of information technology in library and information activities in his thesis. The main objective of the study was to find out the nature of attitude of librarians towards information technology (IT). The study was conducted on a exercise sample of 284 professionally qualified librarians in different l ibraries of Kerala. The results of the study showed that majority of librarians showed motiveless attitude towards information technology. They were prepared to accept modern technology in library activities. Librarians considered IT not as a manner to reduce their workload but as a device to render effective information service to patrons. Librarians engaged in different professional work were similar in their attitude towards information technology.Kosoko (2014) observed that attitude consists of three main components, these are the affective, behavioral and cognitive, that show how persons feel about a particular issue, what they intend to do about it and what they believe about it. This shows that there is inter-relationship between knowing, feelings and doing. Considering these explanations, attitude can be deduced as a favor or disfavor towards a concept that is cocksure or negative. controlling attitudes are requirement for the success and significant achievements in an organizations, thus employees are judge to demonstrate positiveIn addition, a research through with(p) by Rajagopal Chinnasamy (2012) on users attitudes and approaches towards e-r-resources and services in academician libraries showed that there was an increasing pursuit in electronic information resources among the engineering users at associated colleges of Pondicherry University. Olatokunbo (2012) affirm through his study on electronic information resources awareness, attitude, and use by academic staff members of University of Lagos, Nigeria that 55% of university staff members indicated that the level of awareness of the offer electronic information resources by the Library Management is earlier low.2.6 Perceived benefits of ICTs Adoption in the University LibrariesIn spite of the problems associated with automation, its benefits rather outweigh its disadvantages. It is a known as a fact that automation has enables easy access of library materials, and allows staff to serve users better and facilitate a batch of tasks such as acquisitions, cataloging, circulation, and reference (Egunjobi Awoyemi, 2012).According to (Awuor kefah, 2013) ICTs has managed to changed several library operations and activities which can now be done better at the uniform times which were previously not easy to carry out are now possible. These days there are many opportunities ICTs has presented to libraries most authoritative information is preserve in electronic format. ICT has also contributed enormously on the execution of instrument of librarians who are discharging of their duties in the library such as in cataloguing, reference services, circulation management, serials control etc. Similarly Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have facilitated the liquefy and effective means of communication. It provides correct data collection as well as giving strategies for attaining objectives, which would other than be reserved for organizational stru ctures. Okonand Iogbodo, (2014) asserts ICTs have become a way of life the world over even though libraries and librarians in Nigeria are still attempt with the traditional methods of information processing, storage and delivery.Saleem (2013) say Computer has brought in a new impact to the library and information usage. ICTs have enabled library staff to provide quality and valuable information service by giving more aloof access to the internationally available information resources. deep highly cultivate information technology has facilitated the storage of huge amounts of data or information in a very compact spot. Jayaprakash Balasubramani, (2011) stated the University Libraries must increase the numbers of computer to enable the users to increase the usage of ICT-based resources and services. Information and communications technologies are being used by libraries for book and serial acquisitions, assortment and cataloguing, reference service, cash transition, user p reference service, interlibrary loan, circulation service, electronic contents, document delivery service, email and chat assistance, wind vane 2.0 interactive sharing, photocopies services and bibliographic service. These opportunities not only allow libraries to deliver fast information to users but also promoting inappropriate libraries. (Adeleke Olorunsola, 2010).A citywide study by (ibianye 2012), (Ghuloum Ahmed, 2011) shows the cost of maintenances be of digital library is much reduce than that of a traditional library especially with regards to situation. Traditional libraries are expensive to maintain. automatize libraries on the other have marginal maintenance the importance of ICTs is characterized by information services format change, contents and way of producing it, method of production and delivery of information products. The onset of internet has made changed on library profession role from intermediary to facilitator, modern tools for publicize informat ion and change from physical to virtual services milieu and disappearance of some conventional information services and process of modern and original web based. (Krubu Osawaru, 2011).A study by Okonand Iogbodo (2014) observed that ICTs had benefited university libraries in the following waysi. Creation of OPAC Online world Access entry (OPAC) which is the computerized form of the library catalogue .OPAC is easy to use, save space and can be used to access even catalogues of other librariesii. Networking this involves linking ICT enables libraries to network. Networking can all be local (LAN) or wide (WAN). This will enable libraries to access information from different types of on line databases, in various disciples, on-line magazine and newspapers, e-journals and e-books.iii. Resource Sharing ICT has raise the creation of a central union catalogue which allows libraries to cope their resources with other libraries.iv. institutional Repositories This involves compilation o f numbers which set forth from scholars deep down an academic institution. These are academic theses, dissertations, conference and seminar papers, syllabus vitae, reports, inaugural lectures and any other publication emanating from individual scholars within academic institutions. ICT has enabled other libraries to access the information.v. Library Electronic warranter system ICT has enhanced library bail through the use of radiocommunication oftenness appellation sensor (RFID). RFID is the latest library technology used for thieving detection. RFID combines radio frequency and crisp technology.vi. Creation of a virtual library ICT has promoted the establishment of a virtual library. A virtual is a library that exists without any physical space or location.Parvez (2011) noted that owed to the automation, circulation is one of the most affected areas of library operations, it has help deliver a lot of time for both users and library staff. Dzandu Boateng (2014) noted th at with the inception of web OPAC, users can now search information from anywhere at any time users can also easily do the reservation of library sources and this has helps to avoid or reduce the larceny of library resources with receiving set Frequency acknowledgment (RFID) system. In the tab he pointed the respondents revealed that borrowing time was short and the OPAC has made library resources accessible from different angles. However, the study could not confirm if the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has reduced theft in that it wasn t operational because the contractor did not fetch up installing and she given the job. Additionally automation has enables easy access that is users are able to search for materials within the library and from remote control locations via search items as author, title, subject, call number and keyword and allows library staff to better serve users and facilitate large number of tasks. Awoyemi (2012) in his study revealed that, the mo dify of slips for borrowed books were things of the past books are just scanned during borrowing.Osawaru Krubu (2011) opines that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought unprecedented changes and geological fault to university library and information services, digital library information systems (LIS) such as OPAC, users services, reference services, bibliographic services, reliable awareness services, document delivery, interlibrary loan, audio visual services and customer relations can be provided more efficiently and effectively by using ICTs, as they offer convenient time, place, cost effective, quicker and most-up-to-date dispersal and end users involvement in the library and information services process. The impact of ICT on information characterized services by changes in format, contents and production method and delivery of information products. However with the emergence of internet information and knowledge has changed the role of library and infor mation science professionals from intermediary to facilitator, by providing new tools for dissemination of information and shift from physical to virtual services milieuMutula (2012) presented the experiences and the lessons learned from the University of Botswana (UB) library automation project. He found that the automation has impacted many project hence increasing access to diversity of electronic resources, improved image of librarians, invention of new services, freeing of library physical space, transformation of the library into a social learning environment, access to local content made possible through digitization, new skills acquisitions, remote access to library electronic resources from different sites.