This Life Time Has 42048000 Minutes :: essays research papers

Listen up soldiers, we have a crisis on our hands. A silent army has been make up over hundreds of years and is the or so deadly enemy we have ever had to type. This enemy you people have known since the day you were brought into this world. You are face to face with this enemy every day, unknowing that every step you take, every move you make, and every decision you face is contributing somehow to this armys strength.In case you havent noticed yet, ladies and gentlemen, this enemy is ourselves. Slowly and surely we are destroying animals, ourselves and most importantly the only planet we have, Earth. You have probably all heard this speech a thousand times before, and well if this has to be the 1001 before we get off our lazy, self-destructing asses and do something to fix it, so be it I admit Im no better than the rest of you at the simple things in everyday life that are destroying this planet, but the full-page issue pisses me off. Our whole existence revolves around money, and our personal benefit. We have forgotten how to do things for others, how to help the planet and, in turn, how to benefit the species. The fact is simple people, were killing ourselves. Many, however, dont notice it. They believe what theyre doing is either beneficial, or that they are too small to do anything about it. Well most of them are right, most of us fall under some sort of higher power, which means that the root of the problems are mainly the governments. Dont return that this is leading into one of those x-filesy, conspiracy theory type lectures, however if youd like to call it that, I wont be one to judge. I do believe the governments know how to prevent and stop much of the problems in our world today. For example, its a widely known fact that we have the technology to phthisis water instead of gas for cars, but the government wont allow production because they get money off gas, and to them its more important than a clean environment, more important than contamin ating the water, or killing off animals because of the pollution even when the money they get from the gas ends up being spue back into trying to control these problems anyway. And who was the guy who thought that burning fossil fuels would be a good source of energy anyway?

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers fc

To Kill or Not To KillMan has evermore depended on punishment to enforce the laws necessary for the survival of both himself and his species. But how can man equitableify committing murder as a punishment for just that, murder. This is an argument that our modern society has wrestled with for decades. This essay will attempt to shed some light on this highly controversial subject and at the said(prenominal) time, try and put to rest the age old argument of what human morality should allow. According to a study conducted at the University of Iowa in 1998, states that have the death penalty had the same or higher murder rates as those that dont. However, some of the lowest crime rates on the planet give way to China, a country to which the death penalty is hardly a stranger. This suggests that if given enough time and stiffer enforcement the death penalty could eventually have significant make on the crime rate here in North America. Another good argument against the death penal ty is the simple fact that it relies on a justice placement that is far from perfect and that unlike other sentences, it cannot be overturned. Statistically, two out of every three death row inmates will later be found innocent and with the introduction of new evidence, such as DNA, this number will only increase. North Americas prison system however, runs on the principle of rehabilitation and since it is believed that for certa...

How Technology Will Shape Learning Essay -- Article Review, Marie Glen

Over the years, persons, usually teachers, pretend been trying to find out the best way to teach. Many agree that by using technology, students leave make more knowledge and theyll focus more in class. As wellhead as, many say that since computers were invented in 1945 and since technology has been advancing since then, students, mostly teenagers, run through diminish their focus and knowledge of capability. An adept phrase by Marie Glenn, How technology Will Shape larn intelligently includes rhetorical devices and strategies such as the give of logos, ethos, safe testimonies, humor and evaluation techniques to strongly promote her positive conception of technology occasion in classrooms. In contrast, Kentaro Toyamas article, There Are No Technology Shortcuts to Good Education, uses pathos, diction, expert testimonies and his personal observation to strongly oppose the theory of technology helping education. Although Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama have both written a rticles on the use of technology in education, Glenns arguments are better supported and more reasonable. Analysis of How Technology Will Shape Learning Marie Glenn begins her informative article skilfully by providing the reader with facts, studies and evaluation techniques that promotes her purpose of convincing her hearing, mainly educational programs, that technology is beneficial in education. Glenn greatly meets her goal of convincing her audience by gaining credibility. She begins her article with the use of quantitative logos to support her argument and to establish her point of view about technology innovating education. Glenn states, 63% of the survey respondents from humanity and nonpublic sectors say technological innovation will have a major influence on t... ...allenge in education remains the longterm, directed pauperization of the student- something which no technology today can deliver on its own, but which good teachers deliver regularly (3). In their informa tive article, both Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama achieve their purposes indoors their writing. Marie Glenn turn up more than enough by giving statistics and facts to declare her positive vision and benefits towards technology in education. While Kentaro Toyama stated frequently that technology doesnt have the motivation, which according to him, is the source of improvement in education to teach students. Although Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama proved well discussable arguments, Marie Glenn was able to write a much more well travel essay by using more logos and expert testimonies that restated her personal observations on the topic, technology improving education. How Technology Will Shape Learning Essay -- Article Review, Marie GlenOver the years, persons, usually teachers, have been trying to find out the best way to teach. Many agree that by using technology, students will gain more knowledge and theyll focus more in class. As well as, many say that since com puters were invented in 1945 and since technology has been advancing since then, students, mostly teenagers, have decreased their focus and knowledge of capability. An adept article by Marie Glenn, How Technology Will Shape Learning intelligently includes rhetorical devices and strategies such as the use of logos, ethos, expert testimonies, humor and evaluation techniques to strongly promote her positive conception of technology use in classrooms. In contrast, Kentaro Toyamas article, There Are No Technology Shortcuts to Good Education, uses pathos, diction, expert testimonies and his personal observation to strongly oppose the theory of technology helping education. Although Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama have both written articles on the use of technology in education, Glenns arguments are better supported and more reasonable. Analysis of How Technology Will Shape Learning Marie Glenn begins her informative article skillfully by providing the reader with facts, studies and eval uation techniques that promotes her purpose of convincing her audience, mainly educational programs, that technology is beneficial in education. Glenn greatly meets her goal of convincing her audience by gaining credibility. She begins her article with the use of quantitative logos to support her argument and to establish her point of view about technology innovating education. Glenn states, 63% of the survey respondents from public and private sectors say technological innovation will have a major influence on t... ...allenge in education remains the longterm, directed motivation of the student- something which no technology today can deliver on its own, but which good teachers deliver regularly (3). In their informative article, both Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama achieve their purposes within their writing. Marie Glenn proved more than enough by giving statistics and facts to declare her positive vision and benefits towards technology in education. While Kentaro Toyama stated fr equently that technology doesnt have the motivation, which according to him, is the source of improvement in education to teach students. Although Marie Glenn and Kentaro Toyama proved well discussable arguments, Marie Glenn was able to write a much more well rounded essay by using more logos and expert testimonies that restated her personal observations on the topic, technology improving education.

The Mind-Body Connection Essay -- essays research papers fc

OverviewThis paper will discuss the brainiac-body connection and its relevance to wellness c ar professionals and to the public. It will explore the history of the mind-body connection, as well as declare research that has been done on the subject. The reader will gain an imageing of the various techniques used in mind-body therapy, as well as their effectiveness. What is the Mind-Body Connection?It is the persuasion that the mind and body are not separate entities. Rather, they are intricately connected, interacting with each other in many ways. The bodys three main regulatory systems are the central nervous system (which includes the brain), the endocrine system (which produces hormones), and the immune system. These three systems work together and affect one another. Researchers who study the mind-body connection examine these interactions, and are particularly interested in the effects of emotions and thoughts on physical health.History of the Mind-Body ConnectionThe c one timept of the interconnection between the brain and body has been around for quite an a while. Ancient healing practices, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic medicine emphasized important links between the mind and body. Hippocrates once wrote "The natural healing force within each one of us is the greatest force in getting well." This statement reflects the belief of ancient philosophers that emotions and health are deeply connected.In later centuries, however, this belief was cast aside. Medical professionals focused on identifying and treating symptoms through physical means such as drugs and surgery, and loosely ignored the role of mental states in the prevention and treatment of disease. To most doctors, the immune system was regarded as an autonomous entity, operating independently of the mind and behavior. Since the 1960s, however, researchers withstand realized that these ideas are incorrect, and have since been looking at the mind-body connection m ore closely and with more respect. In 1964, George Solomon, a psychiatrist, noticed that rheumatoid arthritis worsened when bulk were depressed. He was fascinated by this connection, and began to investigate the impact of emotions on inflammation and immune function in general. His studies were the beginning of the new field of psychoneuroimmunology, which examines the relationships between the mind (psyche), bra... ...f good health in both areas, and learn to take care of their bodies and brains by keeping active, sleeping properly, eating nutritiously, and taking time to relax. Furthermore, people should understand that moods matter, not just to mental health, but to phsyical health as well. If someone is suffering from and emotional illness such as depression or anxiety, they should desire treatment, since evidence is mounting that these conditions can lead to physical illness and a shorter life.BibliographyBooksMartin, P. (1997). The Healing Mind. St. Martins Press.Mate, G. ( 2003). When the Body Says No. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Websiteshttp//www.ajc.com/health/altmed/ shared/health/alt_medicine/ConsModalities/MindBodyhttp//www.healthyroads.com/myhealth/content/mindbody/articles/art_MindBodyTherapyOverviewOfHealingMethods.aspJournalsLatorre, M. (2000). A Holistic View of Psychotherapy Connecting Mind, Body, and Spirit. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 362, 67-68.Simon, D. (2004). Practicing Mind-Body-Soul Medicine. Alternative Therapies, 106, 62-68.Wolsko et al. (2004). Mind-Body Medical Therapies. Journal of General intimate Medicine, 19, 43-49.

Generations: Probity in Photojournalism :: essays research papers

GENERATIONS PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM?With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and morals for sale on the path corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and put on Mcnamee, a father and son who be well known and well-thought-of in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all too convinced of this fact laborious to expose an alter self in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as condemnation goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A suspire of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high i mportance in the area of unsounded memory. She denuded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win twain disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. They editors think that fiddling with images is akin wordsmithing, but its not the same I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the lawfulness of photojournalism. People deposit on us to give up the story as it really happened. This is not fashion photography or the movies-- if things dont look the way you expect them too, then its the scrape up of the green stated Wally Win when asked about the digital revolution. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference be had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the photographer.The collaboration of Wally and Win McNamee offers a singular perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is The internal strength and integrity that he has I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would authorise him proud of me. Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father.Generations Probity in Photojournalism essays research papers GENERATIONS PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM?With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and ethics for sale on the street corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and Win Mcnamee, a father and son who are well known and respected in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all too convin ced of this fact trying to expose an alter ego in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as time goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A sigh of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high importance in the area of still memory. She denuded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win both disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. They editors think that fiddling with images is like wordsmithing, but its not the same I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the integrity of photojournalism. People rely on us to present the story as it really happened. This is not fashion photograph y or the movies-- if things dont look the way you want them too, then its the rub of the green stated Wally Win when asked about the digital revolution. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference appearing had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the photographer.The collaboration of Wally and Win McNamee offers a unique perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is The internal strength and integrity that he has I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would make him proud of me. Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father.

Generations: Probity in Photojournalism :: essays research papers

GENERATIONS PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM?With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and ethics for sale on the avenue corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and upgrade Mcnamee, a father and son who argon well known and prize in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all too convinced of this fact hard to expose an alter self-importance in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as term goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A respire of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high importa nce in the area of button up memory. She denuded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win both(prenominal) disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. They editors think that fiddling with images is same wordsmithing, but its not the same I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the one of photojournalism. People believe on us to reconcile the story as it really happened. This is not fashion photography or the movies-- if things dont look the way you sine qua non them too, then its the arrest of the green say Wally Win when asked about the digital revolution. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference coming into court had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the ph otographer.The coaction of Wally and Win McNamee offers a unequalled perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is The internal strength and integrity that he has I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would fixate him proud of me. Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father.Generations Probity in Photojournalism essays research papers GENERATIONS PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM?With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and ethics for sale on the street corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and Win Mcnamee, a father and son who are well known and respected in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all t oo convinced of this fact trying to expose an alter ego in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as time goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A sigh of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high importance in the area of still memory. She denuded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win both disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. They editors think that fiddling with images is like wordsmithing, but its not the same I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the integrity of photojournalism. People rely on us to present the story as it really happened. This is not fashion p hotography or the movies-- if things dont look the way you want them too, then its the rub of the green stated Wally Win when asked about the digital revolution. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference appearing had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the photographer.The collaboration of Wally and Win McNamee offers a unique perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is The internal strength and integrity that he has I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would make him proud of me. Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father.

Ethics †Utilitarianism Essay

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that assesses an action as morally right and just if it make waters the most amount of net ecstasy. There atomic number 18 two founds of utilitarianism act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is the standard form, which considers all paths of the action that lead to immediate and long-term happiness, as well has the magnitude and how long the happiness will final stage. Furthermore, if all paths lead to the similar amount of net happiness, each path would be just as morally right as the other.It as well as does non suck into account the number of people it affects it only considers the amount of happiness. To English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain. He commitd that all types of pleasure, if the in same amount, were excessively equal in quality. However, it is tough to calculate an amount of happiness. Is the amount of happiness one receive s from getting a promotion at McDonalds the same as happiness one gets from graduating law school?So, John Stuart Mill, fellow philosopher and follower of Benthams utilitarian theory, believed that different pleasures birth different values. To Mill, physical pleasures are valued less than pleasure that invigorate the mind. Thus, in the McDonalds promotion and law school degree scenarios, Bentham would argue that they would each render the same amount of happiness, whereas Mill would argue that receiving a degree from law school would render more happiness because it would bring out(p) more possibilities for a course and in the end increase ones well-being.In addition to bringing out the most happiness, the utilitarian theory also recognizes that all the possibilities of an action may non bring any net happiness. In these instances, the theory guides one to choose the action that would produce the least amount of sorrowfulness. There are two major criticisms utilitarians fac e. One is that no one can possibly receipt all immediate and future ramifications of an action and even up if it were possible, it would blast too much time in real-life scenarios to practice.A utilitarian would agree that no one can possibly know all consequences of a given situation while defending that the theory is used a guide to maximize happiness. A utilitarian would also none that since people generally know what happiness and ones well-being consist of, it helps eliminate obvious wrong choices to save time. The second major criticism is that the action itself, though teachable the most happiness, may non be morally right. In these instances, a utilitarian would argue that this flexibility is realistic and can be applied a real-life situation that are not always black and white.In real-life there are often grey areas where one may need to make difficult or seemingly immoral decision, merely the end result of the action may bring about the most happiness than an actio n that was moral. The second form of utilitarianism, rule utilitarianism, is similar to the standard form except that it adapts a set of guidelines, an optimal moral code to determine right or wrong. It is also accent in rule utilitarianism that if an action produces the most amount of happiness, yet defies the optimal moral code, it is wrong. Challenger Disaster.In January 1986, space shuttle Challenger exploded because the O-rings fai conduct to mold in the maven rocket joints due to low temperatures the day of the launch. Morton Thiokol, Inc. was the manufacturer of the booster rockets and one of Thiokols engineers, Roger Boisjoly, found that low temperatures detrimentally affected the seals of the booster rockets. He informed his superiors of his findings, but they were deemed as insignificant. The night before the flight, Boisjoly and his colleagues advised against the launch due to the low temperatures, but their employers ignored the advice and moved forward with the lifto ff. solely seven astronauts onboard died in the explosion. In accordance with the utilitarian theory, Boisjoly did act morally right. He informed his superiors and NASA of his research findings to avoid failure and reduce the amount of unhappiness the death of the astronauts. Thiokol and NASA, however, did not act morally right. Though the postponing of the launch was not favorable, it would to allow more time to redesign the seals and most likely avoid the catastrophe. They also could have postponed the launch to a day with optimum temperatures for the seals.Consenting to Sexual Harassment In Vinson v. Taylor, Mechelle Vinson claims that her supervisor Sidney Taylor intimately harassed her. She testified that after a grade of working at the bank Taylor made advances on her saying that she owed him for getting her the job. She turned him down initially, but eventually became sexually involved with him for her last tierce years she was employed at the bank. She claims that Taylor raped her and if she did not submit, she would be terminated.Taylor denied the accusations saying that he has never had any sexual relations with Vinson and that Vinson made advances on him. And in retribution for denying her, she filed charges against him. The courts ruled that the relationship between Vinson and Taylor was voluntary and that the employer was not liable, especially since Vinson to not notify the company. Vinson appealed the case and the Supreme Court then ruled that the advances on Vinson were unwelcomed though voluntary. They did not disclose whether or not the employer was liable for sexual harassment.The rule utilitarian theory applies here in that Courts followed a set of rules to produce an outcome. Its also a case of what action renders the least amount of unhappiness. Through Vinsons appeal the court stated that regardless of her willingness to have sexual intercourse with her superior, it was unwelcome. Its difficult to say what the outcome is since the Cou rt did not state whether or not the employer was liable. Parable of Sadhu In the parable of saddhu, Bowen McCoy makes a 60-day trek with his friend Stephen, a few porters and Sherpas in the Himalayan Mountains.They reach a point of the trip where they must make it over an 18,000 foot legislate over a crest to reach Muklinath, an ancient holy village for pilgrims. The take a nights rest before they make the heading and there are a few crowds the are within range a group of New Zealanders, two Swiss couples and a Japanese hiking club. The next day, the New Zealanders depart for the pass first. Stephen, who is beginning to suffer from altitude sickness, and Bowen begin their expedition to the pass when they see one of the New Zealanders courseing an almost naked, barefooted sadhu across his shoulders.The New Zealander leaves him with them exclaiming that he has done what he can and that they should care for him because they have porters and Sherpa guides and that he and his group are moving forward with their trek. Bowen checks his quiver to find that the pilgrim is alive. They wonder why he has hardly any clothes on and why he did not choose the safer route. Stephen and the Swiss couples begin to take off some of their clothing to warm up the sadhu. Bowen does not hesitate to move forward as he wants to make it over the pass and the journey becomes more dangerous as time passes the ice steps would melt and would make the path slippery.Bowen continues, leaving Stephen, the Swiss, and the Japanese behind. The Swiss catch up to Bowen finds out from them that the sadhu was doing fine and that Stephen is approaching. Stephen is upset with Bowen and asks how he feels about contributing to the sadhus death. Stephen tells Bowen that he stayed with the sadhu until the Japanese arrived. He asked the Japanese to borrow their horse cavalry to take the sadhu down to the hut, but they refuse and give him food and drink before continuing on.Stephen then asked the lead Sherpa, Pasang, to get a group of porters to carry the sadhu down, but he also refuses because he believed it would exert the porters energy and that they would not able to do it before the ice melted into a slippery slope. Pasang encouraged Stephen to continue with the time-sensitive hike and the Sherpas carried the sadhu down to a rock in the sun and pointed out to the hut that was 500 feet away. The last time the Sherpas saw the sadhu, he was throwing rocks at the Japaneses dog, which had scared him.Though it may seem morally wrong to leave the sadhu and carry on with the journey, Bowman acted correctly jibe to the utilitarian theory. If he had helped the sadhu get across the pass to Muklinath, where he seemingly came from, Bowman may not have had the energy to do so and risk both of their lives, which would be the most amount of unhappiness. If he backtracked and took the sadhu to a hut for warmth and safety, he would have jeopardized his trip and defeated the purpose of this j ourney and moreover, the pilgrim may not have wanted to be saved for he was nearly naked and did not chose the safer route.One Nation Under Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is the largest company in retail with nearly 5,000 stores and 140 million shoppers. It continues to grow as they open more and more stores that trade in household items at bargain prices. As they expand, they are able to carry lower prices because they can buy in very large bulk quantities and ask better prices from their vendors. Though it seems that everyone would be in favor of this large bargain retailer, who sells consumer necessities at extreme low prices, there are many critics of Wal-Marts operation.They boss out small, local mom and pop shop business and compete with supermarkets, eliminating jobs and disrupting communities. They are also an anti-union establishment, pay low wages and most of their employees do not receive health insurance. Lastly, they are criticized for not carrying certain products like racy mag azines such as Glamour or Cosmopolitan. Thus, locals often refuse and dispute the working out of Walmart in their town. match to the utilitarian theory, Wal-mart is not behaving morally wrong. They are abiding by the laws.Though they may pay low wages and not offer health benefits to part-time employees, they are able to employ 1. 4 million people. Their business also allows consumers to purchase necessities at some of the lowest prices available. Furthermore, the decision to not carry certain products like racy magazine or music with explicit lyrics would outweigh the fact that they carry thousands of household necessities at a bargain. facial expression Transplant Highly Risky Experimentation Isabelle Denoire was victim of a terrible incident that left her face, extremely disfigured.Her lips chin, nose were clawed and bitten off by her dog. The events that led up the incident are uncertain. She said that she took meds to help her sleep and that while walking down her hallway on the sleeping medication she stumbled over her self-assertive dog that she had just adopted. Her daughter said that Isabelle tried to kill herself and the dog was trying to wake her up after she fell to the ground and lost consciousness. duration in the hospital the chairman of the department of Maxillofacial Surgery at Amiens University Hospital, Dr.Bernard Devauchelle thought that she should would be a good candidate for an experimental face engraft that was considered time sensitive because the longer they would of waited the more scar tissue she would have had, which would of made the surgery more dangerous. With consent from Isabelle they partial transplant was done but a wave of criticism came once the news was released. Many in the industry felt that the surgery was too dangerous and other option should have been considered. They thought that Dr.Devauchelle insisted on doing the surgery not because he wanted to do what was best for the client but so that he would get publi city for it. They also believed that he chose the wrong sort of client for such an operation. Since Isabelle had tried to commit suicide she wouldnt be a good candidate because she might not be able to deal with the cameras and news attention, that it might be more than she can bare and wasnt mentally strong enough to handle it. According to utilitarianism, an action is right if it brings about as much net happiness as any other action the agent could have performed. I believe that Dr.Bernard Devauchelle did take into account other possibilities before they made their decision to do the partial facial implant. It was a time-sensitive decision his patient needed to make and according to him, she eagerly wanted him to help her so that she could be as normal as possible again. Critics of the transplant dispute that was he did was morally wrong, but ultimately it was Isabelles decision. I have learned that all real-life decisions are not just black and white. Some are easy and some diff icult and even harder. We all have general innate moral code of conduct and the rule utilitarian theory is one that I relate with the most.

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay

Authors note This render is a summary of my beliefs of the three most hazards factors in the early stages of Infant Development. This essay is for Mrs. Hackers EC100/EEC1700 Section 07 Foundations of Child Development Course.Factors and Hazards of Infant DevelopmentThere is nothing more precious in life, than hearing your baby flash bulb or feeling it kick for the first time. Mothers and fathers to be should be aw are of various hazards that bottom of the inning play a major factor in the information of their infant. The three factors that I feel are the most hazardous are alcoholic drink, smoking, and drugs of any kind. In this essay, I will try to explain to you why these factors are very important to be avoided before and during pregnancy.Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have serious consequences for stick and the developing fetus (O Leary et al., 2010). If a mother is consuming alcohol during pregnancy she can have a miscarriage, stillbirth, low-birth weight, or a p remature infant (ACP CS-EBK for Developmental Profiles, pg. 58). A developing fetus consumes whatsoever the mother puts into her mouth and body. Alcohol is a teratogen that has irreversible effects on infant development.There are several birth defects that a mother who drinks should be aware of they are fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs) fetal alcohol syndrome, hyperactivity, heart defects, facial deformities, and speech impairment (Ismail et al., 2010). A mother who drinks mild alcohol during pregnancy could cause their infant to suffer from fetal alcohol effect. Infants with this effect suffer from learning and behavior disorders. It is very important that a mother to be does not consume alcohol. If you care about your baby well-being do not drink during pregnancy.Smoking is a bad habit thats rough to kick once started. Smoking is dangerous for expectant women, kids, men, and women. Smoking can damage the lungs of the raftr, and also cause lung cancer to those who can fo r long periods of time. Many pregnant women continue to smoke despite the warning on the U.S. Surgeon General label. Maternal smoking has been linked to many fetal malformations and birth complications (Ashford et al., 2010). Cigarette smoke contains harmful substances, which can harm a person body. These harmful substances are nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. All the substances can harm an undeveloped fetus if consumed throughout pregnancy. Mothers who smoke during birth are at risk for having infants who suffer from asthma, allergies, and it can cause SIDS.Prescription and nonprescription medications, pesticides, fertilizer, and street drugs are very dangerous during pregnancy (Mattison, 2010). These drugs and chemicals can have many adverse effects on developing fetuses. It can cause SIDS, miscarriages, stillbirth, and numerous birth deformities to the undeveloped fetus. Drugs of any kind should be avoided during pregnancy, to meet a infract chance of having a healthy fetus. There are many reasons a mother to be should be cautious about the purlieu and the things she consumes during pregnancy. The best care a mother to be can give to her undeveloped fetus is to eat right, get adequate rest, and regular check-ups, which can better ensure the birth of a beautiful, healthy baby.ReferencesAshford, K., Hahn, E., Hall, L., Rayens, M., Noland, M., & Ferguson, J. (2010).The Effects of prenatal secondhand smoke exposure on preterm birth and neonatal outcomes, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 39(5), 525535.Mattison, D. (2010). environmental exposures and development, Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 22(2), 208218.OLeary, C., Nassar, N., Kurinczuk, J., de Klerk, N., Geelhoed, E., Elliott, E., & Bower, C (2010). Prenatal alcohol exposure and risk of birth defects, Pediatrics, 1 26(4), E843 E850.

‘Perfume: The Story of a Murderer’ Essay

Sskind allows similarities to be drawn between Grenouille and the Biblical figure, Satan, in order to strain Grenouille from the mass of humanity this corresponds with the groundwork of Existentialism in the fiction. In terms of the Bible, Satan, or the Devil, was initially an angel that resided at Gods right-hand, who later conspired to become self-governing and consequently was condemned to blazing on earth to be rejected and fe ared by humankind. Grenouille, by choice and his disrespect for humankind, lived isolated in a mountain in Grasse. The narrator withdraws typical instances of reasoning for insulate ones self in order to enhance the distinction of Grenouilles reasoning, We are familiar of people who seek out solitude penitents, failures, saints or prophetsThey do this to be nearer to GodThey act in the belief that they are living a life nearer to God. Sskind creates this seed to God in conjunction with humanity, allowing the reader to register that the society in the novel is God-fearing, and hence inferior to the said creator. After establishing this, the narrator goes on to describe Grenouilles reason for solitude. Grenouilles case was nothing of the sort. There was not the least notion of God in his headhe basked in his make existence and found it splendid. This allows the reader to understand Grenouilles reasoning is self-motivated and self-absorbed, this is unique. He isolated himself to be with himself and without purpose to God or humanity this is teetotal as the Bible states solitude is for God this similarly mimics the generally adopted attitude of the Biblical Devil, encapsulating qualities such as individualism and the ability to be self-governing. It is the mentioned qualities that are related to Existentialism without out value or rule from God, Grenouille is self-determining, and hence transcends humanity and seperates himself from it, as humanity is on the contrary.The location setting during this time is applicable to G renouilles association to the Devil The Devil is known to reside in the 7th layer of Hell Grenouille resides isolated in the godforsaken wilderness for 7 years without creature comforts the icy and inhumane atmosphere of both the Christian Hell and the mountain in Grasse can be bidned to each other. These comparisons and contrast in the books allow the theme of existentialism to become apparent as it high electric arcs Grenouilles self-governing nature in his isolated habitat. This differentiates Grenouille as it appears this quality of preferring coercive solitude that moreover he possesses. His want for separation highlights his superiority to Humanity this even foreshadows the immense power he will develop as the novel progresses due to his olfactory sense. Grenouille is determined by his desire, not by circumstance, whereas God determines humanity in the novel.Another example that likens him to Satan and God simultaneously is when Grenouille successfully concocts mimicry o f human scent and becomes inadvertently accepted by the people. This completion of this task exposes his complete supremacy of humanity through creation, like God, and his still-existing contempt for humanity, like Satan. Grenouille celebrates, a wicked feeling of triumph that set him quivering and excited him like an attack of lechery, and he had trouble keeping from spurting it like venom and spleen all over these peoplehis contempt for them was profoundbecause they were so dumb they stank (page 154). The use of the simile suggests his excitement is sinful he intends to use his new power to conduct evil things. In this instance, Sskind is again pertaining Grenouille to Satan. The further use of such words as venom, wicked and spleen fictionalize Grenouilles evil feelings, emphasizing how he detests humanity, again a mimicking quality of the Devil.In this quote, Sskind suggests possessing a scent is to be stupid, and furthermore to be a part of humanity Grenouille realizes tha t he possesses neither of these things, emphasizing their polarity, as this deems him superior to humankind. As it is stated in the bible, And no wonder For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light, 2 Corinthians 1114, this statement pertains to Satan having the ability to disguise himself and fool humankind. Similarly, Grenouille does exactly this by mimicking the human scent and gaining their acceptance in order to bring out his evil intentions. Through allusions to the Biblical figure of the Devil, Sskind compares Grenouille to him, allowing the Grenouille to have similar associations to the Devil and hence emphasizing his differentiation from humanity through contempt and rejection.In contrast, Sskind further alters the Grenouilles discrimination from humanity as the characters gains more power through the sovereignty of scent, allowing him to be more closely compared to God. The novel highlights that scent is sovereign, ruling above all other senses and determin ing the quality of ones life, He who ruled scent ruled the hearts of men. Scent is similar to Religion in the novel Grenouille is the only character who recognizes its sovereignty.1 Peter 58 ESV / 11 helpful votesBe sober-minded be watchful. Your adversary the rile prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour.And no wonder For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. 2 Corinthians 1114 There was only one thing the perfume could not do. It could not turn him into a person who could love and be loved like everyone else. So, to hell with it he thought. To hell with the world. With the perfume. With himself

HRM Exam Question Essay

1. Explain the ways that recruitment suffer yield to the execution of Human Resource Strategy2. Outline and explain the options to consider when designing a requite schema.3. Briefly compargon and contrast the differences between the best hold and the resource based approaches to strategic human resource management.4. Outline the main uses of competency models in Strategic Human Resource Management?5. Explain what you guess by the terms unitarist and pluralist and their implications for employee relations strategies.6. Outline and discuss the factors to consider when designing a retention strategyOctober 20131. critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of best practice models of HRM strategy?2. Outline and discuss the main obstacles hindering or preventing HR departments from delivering strategic HRM3. What should organisations consider when developing a reward strategy?4. How can recruitment and option processes contribute to strategic HRM?5. Discuss the main features o f a Learning Organisation. Why is it important in a strategic HRD approach to organising development?6. Which mechanisms of employee involvement would you root on using as part of your employee relations strategy and why?New1. Explain three best fit models of HRM and outline the strengths and weaknesses of such approaches to strategy?2. What are the main elements of a reward strategy?3. Specify the data that you would desire to analyse the potential absence problems of an organization4. How can recruitment and selection processes contribute to strategic HRM?6. Which mechanisms of employee involvement or employee voice would you recommend using and why?Section b enquiry 1Critically evaluate the role that motion management systems play in the delivery of SHRM. Discuss the main mechanisms used in PMS and explain the different options that can be used in spite of appearance them. Use organisational examples as appropriate to support your answerQuestion 2Critically evaluate the fact ors to consider when designing a retention strategy.Question 3How can you best define and explain the concept of Strategic Human Resource Development? How does it differ from the concept of training and what are the strategic choices that have up Strategic Human Resource Development?Question 4Critically evaluate the options and strategic approaches required to design a total reward systemSection B Answer two questions Section B is worth 60 marks (30 marks for each question)Question 1Critically evaluate the role that mathematical operation management systems play in the delivery of SHRM. Discuss the main mechanisms used in PMS and explain the different options that can be used in spite of appearance them. Use organisational examples as appropriate to support your answerQuestion 2For developmental activity to be deemed strategic organisations need to shift the focus from a training to a learning approach. Discuss this proposition in the context of development activity supporting i ndividual and organisational transfigureQuestion 3Critically evaluate the use of competency based approaches in modern HR strategies. Explain in detail how they may be used in one specific area of HR such as carrying out management. Use organisational examples as appropriate to support your answerQuestion 4Critically evaluate ONE of the followinga)In what ways can HR strategies provide the level of organisational flexibility required by modern organisations? OR b)Should reward strategies always include an element of performance related pay. Justify your answer in relation to both theory and practise?Section BAnswer two questions Section B is worth 60 marks (30 marks for eachquestion)Question 1Critically evaluate the role that performance management systems play in the delivery of SHRM. Discuss the main mechanisms used in PMS and explain the different options that can be used within them. Use organisational examples as appropriate to support your answer (30 marks)Question 2(30 mar ks)Question 3Critically evaluate the use of competency based approaches in modern HR strategies.Explain in detail how they may be used in relation to EITHER Recruitment and selection OR exercise managementUse organisational examples as appropriate to support your answer (30 marks)Question 4Critically evaluate THREE of the following payment systemsIndividual performance related pay (merit pay)Time based paySkills based payTeam based pay(30 marks)

The Low-cost Orange Flying Machine: The Case of easyJet Essay

The colour orange is increasingly becoming synonymous with the firm easyJet as it has become nonpargonil of the worlds most gainful low-cost airlines (Alamdari and Fagan, 2005). This paper examines the basis of their achiever and argues firstly, that easyJet from its inception essentially adopted and stayed with the original low-cost standard that was pioneered by southwest airlines in the USA.Moreover, this is a model that has served them well, resulting in sustained note performance and growth over a decade. However, our morsel point is that with this growth, and increased competition, there are signs of the need for a change. Accordingly, in what follows, we examine in turn the historical origins of easyJet, emphasizing its values and the influence of the Southwest airlines model the essential features of its employment model and some indication of its commercial enterprise performance over time.Historical Origins Personality, Values and the Southwest WayEasyJet was conce ived in 1995, with its first f argus-eyed occurring in November of that year. There are numerous descriptions of the early start-up days, but one of the most vivid is surely the following (Calder 2006 113)The entrance to the average airlines headquarters is an impressive affair, intended to impress visitors. But the HQ of Britains most successful low-cost airline is far from average. For a while, the modest foyer of easyland the huddle of temporary buildings from which one of Europes leading airlines is run was adorned by a tent. It was a small, two-person job, strung from the roof Take one shipping millionaire, two Boeing 737s normally used for British Airways flights and some(prenominal) dozen gallons of orange paint, and you have a revolution in the skies. But industry watchers like myself were slow to realise the scale of the upheaval signified by the first flight of easyJet.The picture conveyed above stands in marked contrast to the subsequent growth and current performanc e of easyJet. Indeed as we were preparing the first draftsmanship of this paper easyJet announced that pre-tax profits were up by 55 percent to a record 129 million in the year to September 2006. Turnover was up 21 percent, passenger numbers by 11.5 percent (to 33 million), the share price hit an all time high, and 52 new Airbus jets were to be lucid (Financial Times 2006). The contents of suppose 1 below lists some of the paint milestones in the evolution of easyJet.Much of the early discussion of easyJet pivoted round its founder, Stelios Hajin Ioaanou (Stelios). His personality, background, entrepreneurial advance (Rae 2001) and managerial style were all much discussed the no frills working environment (e.g. no private offices) and the orange culture (i.e. being up for it passionate and sharp) were held to be important legacies following his stepping down as Chairman in 2002.In what was initially seen as very much a personality-driven organization it is important to accent uate the place and role of Southwest airlines in influencing the personality of the Chairman. As one study stated It was not until he flew on Southwest airlines that Stelios felt he had found the right concept for a European airline. Stelios intensively exploreed Southwest, meeting with founder and CEO Herb Kellacher and buying 250 copies of Nuts a book documenting Southwests success for distribution to potential employees and customers. (Sull 1999 22)Southwest airlines is very much an organization in which a high level of selective perception is unpatterned among observers and emulators you can see what you want to see in it (Pate and Beaumont 2006) To easyJet the key message received, accepted and followed faithfully, was to adopt and stick to the original low-cost model pioneered by Southwest.The introductory Low-Cost Business ModelThe key features of this model are outlined below in Figure 2 below.Product Features1. Fares/ networkLow, simple and discretionary fares, high f requencies, point to point, no interlining 2. DistributionTravel agents and call centres (today internet sales), ticketless 3. InflightSingle class, high density seating, no meals or free alcoholic drinks, snacks and light beverages for purchase, no seat assignmentOperating Features1. FleetSingle type, Boeing 737, high utilisation, 11-12 hours per day 2. AirportSecondary or uncongested, 2030 minute turnarounds3. sphere of influence lengthShort, average 400 nautical miles4. StaffCompetitive wages, profit sharing, high productivity(Source Alamdari and Fagan 2005 378)Figure 2 The original Southwest Airlines low-cost business modelIndeed, if anything easyJet appears to have achieved further leverage along the no frills dimension of this basic model travel agents were completely avoided (direct sales only) and passengers had to pay back even for muted drinks and snacks (Sull 1999, 23). Such features of the easyJet low-cost model were held to be acceptable, or indeed attractive, to peo ple who pay for travel from their own pockets (Sull 199923). Specifically easyJet targeted three cost-conscious and price-sensitive customer segments (1) the traveller tour relatives (2) leisure travellers working brief trips and (3) entrepreneurs and managers from small firms.At this stage we need briefly to comment on staff conditions (competitive wages, profit sharing, high productivity) in Figure 2. First, in a general sense, it is remarkable how little human resources and staffing matters figure in discussions of the easyJet strategy (Sull 1999 Jones, 2005) they are essentially conspicuous in their absence. Secondly, if one turns to more than(prenominal) specific matters there are grounds to question the reality of the staffing approach in Figure 2. For example, on the competitive salary front, it has been estimated that pilots at easyJet earn around 25% less than pilots working for traditional carriers (Jones 2005 151). This differential was a considerable source of tension and difficulty when easyJet took over the airline GO in August, 2002, with calls for regard action occurring at the time (Jones 200591). In the latter part of this paper we turn to look at these sorts of human resources and employment related matters in more detail.The Basic Business Model and the Bottom LineEarlier we made reference to the impressive performance figures of easyJet for the year to September 2006. This has not been an isolated success story. For example, easyJet pre-tax profit figures rose from 5.9 million in 1998 to 40 million in 2001, and now to the current all time high of 129 million.At least one major study has attributed this success to easyJet sticking very closely to the original features of the low-cost model outlined in Figure 2. In essence this research (Alamdari and Fagan 2005), which involved 10 low-cost carriers in Europe and the USA, reported that, firstly, easyJet adhered very closely (74% compatible) to the original model, a figure only exceeded by that for Ryanair (85%) (Alamdari and Fagan 2005 388). Moreover their second key result was that the closer one adhered to this model, the higher was profitability.The success of easyJet (and Ryanair) in this regard has been noted in other studies. For instance, the McKinsey Quarterly (2005) reported that easyJet and Ryanair account for close 50 percent of seat capacity in Europes low-cost market, with between 2004 and 2006 only easyJet (8.9%) and Ryanair (29.4%) having positive average operation margins.Although both easyJet and Ryanair are always hailed as the two financial success stories of the European low-cost sector, with both adhering most closely to the original low-cost model (Figure 2), it is important to espy important differences between them. For example, easyJets unit costs are reported to be double those of Ryanair, with the former break-even point (76% of capacity) being higher than that of Ryanair (63%) (McKinsey Quarterly 2005). former(a) differences between the two, which have been noted, are that easyJet has more head to-head competition with the conventional carriers because it uses more established airports than Ryanair (Jones 2005 211).Much of the bottom line success of easyJet has been attributed to its yield circumspection system which seeks to extract the maximum revenue per flight (Jones 2005 212). It is these sorts of sentiments which underpin their micro-type targets. For example, the aim is to grow the current profit per seat figure of some 2.50 to 5 by the end of 2008.Are there Signs of Changes in easyJets Business Strategy?Current profits are good and the emphasis on yield metre and tough targets will still remain. This said, there are signs of some actual or proposed changes in the business model. These have arisen because of the rise of new low-cost competition, changes in the conventional carriers (limited frills), and external pressures such as oil price rise.The changes are designed to address some concerns of existing customer segments and to attract new customers. For example, in April 2003 easyJet launched a dedicated website for business travel arrangements which allows corporate customers to access monthly management information so that they can track travel spend. In June 2005 it introduced easyJet lounges, which passengers had to pay for, but which were viewed as attractive to business travellers. Figures released inThe Times (11th November, 2006) suggest that they have been relatively successful in capturing the business market Stansted and Luton (easyJets capital of the United Kingdom bases) have the highest proportion of frequent flyers among major airports at over 50 percent as compared to 39 percent of passengers at Heathrow. Measures have also been interpreted in recent years to address customer concerns regarding the lack of clarity of the full fare until the last stage of booking, through an upgraded software system. A key question remains can easyJet consistently capture the busin ess traveller sector, with their considerable expectations of added extras while remaining true to their winning formula of cost leading? Only timewill tell.ReferencesAlamdari, F. and Fagan, S. (2005) Impact of the adherence to the original low-cost model on profitability of low-cost airlines, Transport Reviews 25, 3 377-392. Calder, S. (2006) No Frills. capital of the United Kingdom Virgin Books.Financial Times (2006) 15th November, p24. Jones, L. (2005) easyJet, the Story of Britains Biggest Low-Cost Airline. London Aurum. McKinsey Quarterly (2005) August edition. Pate, J. and Beaumont, P. (2006) The European low-cost airline industry the interplay of business strategy and human resources, European Management Journal 24, 5 322-329. Rae, D. (2001) easyJet a case of entrepreneurial management, Strategic Change 10, 6 325-336. Sull, D. (1999) easyJets $500 one thousand thousand Gamble, European Management Journal 17, 1 20-38. The Times (2006), 11th and 15th November.View as multi-pag es

Disparity between the Rich and Poor Essay

The short hating the rich has already occurred earlier a few years back, when mint started hating the rich because they were selfish and use m unmatchabley foreign ways. People eventually started developing jealousy among these rich people, and slowly away did they start riots and protests. There are many reasons why this has happened.Firstly this has happened, because these rich people and poor people are simply just different, any quantify there are different groups, especially two different groups. And over time people start to notice the differences because theyre divided into classes, and aspire angry because of the stereotypes of how rich people are snobby and look down on the poor, scarce its stupid to hate someone because of their money rather than hating on their personality.Secondly the poor people are jealous of how the rich tend to work better lives than the poor, which the poor resent. Its because of how rich people opinion the need to just use money, even if its on useless things just to get rid of the money, the poor people are jealous of how theyre throwing things away, that theyre never going to have in their lifetime.And finally, the rich controls how the places run, governmentally and economically. And sometimes they feel like theyre being pushed around because the rich are already richer than them and now being able to bark orders at them, building even to a greater extent resentment.To solve this issue, the government can start out by setting long term and short term policies. Short-term policies can be employ to help the poor people like insurance and help them cover the percentage of the salary and help them regain their path. As for long term policies, it should be provided for the extremely poor people have are almost bankrupt to begin with, meaning it will be the same as short-term constitution but longer, for at least 1-2 years.Secondly the rich can also help resolve this issue by holding many charity events for the poor peo ple, charity events games that let them collect money. Then an extremely discounted store just for the poor people.Therefore the poor will not have as lots resentment on the rich after they have done this many things for them to live on. This is to build a harmonized society, for the rich and the poor to cooperate with one another.

Beowulf: Pagan Values Tied with Christianity

The poem titled Beowulf was composed sometime between the one-seventh and tenth century in a language that is kn sustain as Anglo-Saxon. It incorporates many irreligious themes and judgments, yet it also contains many references to Christianity. Although paganism and Christianity can be seen as unalike, the ii aspects are brought together by the poet in order to show the need for grouping. The pagan themes, much(prenominal) as urgency or the mutual goal of fame and heroism, raise questions in the religious community that could be misleading or misinterpreted without the Christian insight provided in the text.As a result, it is clear that this combination of pagan concepts and Christianity shown in Beowulf is for a Christian audience. In order to enhance the value of the poem Beowulf, the motive reconciles pagan concepts such as fame, retri exclusivelyion, and fate with Christianity. The pagan concepts short-change key parts in the storyline and are related to the components of Christianity in the poem. One of the pagan concepts depicted in Beowulf is fame. Other ancient texts, such as The Odyssey and The Iliad, show warriors who venture out far from home to accomplish heroic tasks and build fame.The poem shows Beowulf and new(prenominal) characters in the story to have the same urge. Beowulf is shown primal in the story as the mightiest man on earth, high-born and powerful (p. 15). The concept of fame is very important to him and to his people. After hearing of Grendel and his strength, Beowulf declares to heighten Hygelacs fame and gladden his heart, I hereby renounce sword hand to hand is how it will be, a life-and-death fight with the fiend (p. 31). He wants to maximize not only his own fame but the fame of his king.He will fight Grendel equally matched and perform to the uttermost what your people wanted or perish in the attempt, in the fiends bobby pin (p. 43). The pagan concept of fame is accomplished when Beowulf defeats Grendel and gives th e arm of the creature to Hrothgar. Beowulf has proven his skills and strength by ridding the land of Grendel and Hrothgar praises him by stating, You have made yourself immortal by your known actions (p. 63). Although the idea of fame at this time conflicts with certain notions of Christianity, the author reconciles the two by adding many references to god with the achievement of fame.The author is able to attribute both Christian concepts and heroism to divinity fudge through the dialogue of Hrothgar. When Hrothgar arrives in the mead-hall the morning after the slaying, he first thanks God by saying, let the Almighty produce be thankedthe Heavenly Shepard can work His wonders always (p. 63). He praises Beowulf and states that the killing of Grendel was accomplished with the Lords assistance (p. 63). Another example of the ties between God and fame is when Hrothgar gives his speech to Beowulf over the dangers of power. He tells the story of Heremod, a king who eventual(prenomina l)ly loses everything out-of-pocket to selfishness, to Beowulf. Almighty God had made him eminent and powerful and marked him from the live for a happy life a change happened, gave no more rings to honour the Danes he suffered in the endhis life lost joy (p. 119). The story shows that God is the true beholder of power and when man strays from Him, or lives a life of no values, He has the power to take away joy and power. The only way to live on earth is through the grace of God. Consequently, the pagan concept of fame ties back to God and is reconciled to Christianity. Another concept of paganism found in the poem is the concept of vengeance.The first sign of vengeance comes clear when Grendels mother becomes aware of Grendels death. She is infuriated and desperate for retaliation (p. 89). She had no interest in the Danes or Geats until the death of her son. She goes to the mead-hall, kills Aeschere, and takes back Grendels remaining corpse. This anger and desire to avenge Grend els death also leads to her eventual death when Beowulf meets her at the mere and kills her with the mystical sword. After killing Grendels mother and resurfacing to land, Beowulf tells his men, if God had not helped me, the outcome would have been quick and fatal (p. 15). The author seems to imply that latching onto anger and vengeance leads to the destruction of oneself. It can also be interpreted that Beowulf was aided by God to destroy Grendels mother due to her fixed desire to wreak havoc and revenge on the mead-hall. This can be seen as the authors attempt to reconcile vengeance with Christianity. Another example of vengeance can be seen when Grendels mother kills Aeschere and Hrothgar mourns over his death. Beowulf tries to console Hrothgar by saying, Wise sir, do not grieve. It is always better to avenge dear ones than to luxuriate in mourning. (p. 97).This shows the importance of avenging the death of ones comrade or friend to Beowulf and also the contrast between vengean ce and Christian belief. After Beowulf finishes his boast, Hrothgar sprang to his feet and praised God for Beowulfs pledge (p. 97) This is another attempt by the poet to reconcile the pagan concept of vengeance with Christianity. The desire to seek vengeance is discouraged through Christianity, and in the case of Grendels mother, can result in the destruction of oneself. Although, the question rises as to why Beowulf wasnt corrected for seeking vengeance on Grendels mother.This is where a third pagan concept is seen in Beowulf the pagan concept of fate. The pagan concept of fate in Beowulf is mentioned in association with good and bragging(a) fortune. For example, when explaining Hygelacs death, the author states fate swept him away because of his proud need to provoke a feud with the Frisians (p. 85). The use of fate in this context refers to handsome fortune due to Hygelacs desire to stir up a confrontation with the Frisians. At an earlier point in the story, Beowulf tells Hroth gar, no need to plaint for long or lay out my body if the battle takes meFate goes ever as fate must (p. 31). Here Beowulf leaves the decision to fate, which is a concept of paganism, but there is no mention of fate being controlled by God. This is in direct conflict with Christianity and the author is does associate fate with Christianity in other portions of the text. For example, when Beowulf is declaring his formal boast to kill Grendel, he states, And may the Divine Lord in His wisdom grant the glory of victory to whichever side He sees hold in (p. 47). This example shows Beowulfs demonstration of his Christian beliefs and acknowledgement that it is ultimately up to God who will win the fight.After the fight with Grendels mother, Beowulf makes another declaration of fate when he states it was hard-fought, a desperate affair that could have gone badly if God had not helped me, the outcome would have been quick and fatal (p. 115). Beowulf surrenders himself to God and is in fu ll aware that his fate was left to Gods will. Beowulf once again shows his belief in not only the pagan concept of fate but in God as well. Therefore, the author has successfully reconciled fate with Christianity. In order to enhance the value of the poem Beowulf, the author reconciles pagan concepts such as fame, vengeance, and fate with Christianity.These concepts are seen all throughout the poem and act as representation for the relationship between pagan concepts and Christianity. Although in some areas the two aspects of Anglo-Saxon life can be seen in conflict, as in the pagan concept of vengeance, the two seem to be interrelated. Although Beowulf is an epic narrative, it is full of Christian elements that show the beliefs of Christians today venture back in time to as early as the seventh century. Christian customs, such as man accept in God and the presence of good in the world, make this pagan story into what is now believed to be a primary Christian story amongst many.

Feminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Miller’s the Crucible

Title Re(dis)c everywhereing the Witches in Arthur millers The melting pot A Feminist Reading Author(s) Wendy Schissel Publication detail Modern bid 37. 3 (F solely 1994) p461-473. ascendant Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit Gale. From Literature Resource Center. Docu custodyt Type sarcastic essay Bookmark Bookmark this Docu handst Full Text COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage LearningTitle Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible A Feminist Reading (essay date fall 1994) In the hobby essay, Schissel offers a feminist de nonation of The Crucible, in an effort to deconstruct the phallologocentric sanctions implicit in Millers account of Abigails fate, Elizabeths confession, and illusions temptation and finis. Arthur Millers The Crucible is a disturbing work, non only because of the obvious moral dilemma that is irresolutely solved by bathroom keep an eye ons death, further overly because of the treatment that Abigail and Elizabeth receive at Millers hands and at the hands of connoisseurs. In forty years of disapproval very little has been said ab expose the shipway in which The Crucible reinforces stereotypes of femme fatales and c senescent and unforgiving wives in point to assert simply universal virtues. It is a morality be given based upon a suspicious androcentric morality.Like monitoring device, The Crucible roars d give Elizabeth, qualification her cin ace casede a fault which is non hers but of Millers making It require a wintry wife to prompt lechery,1 she admits in her final meeting with her husband. Critics drop seen gutter as a tragi identifyy hired gunic greens macrocosm,2 hu homoly tempted, a just art object in a universe g unmatched mad,3 but they strike never given Elizabeth similar consideration, nor have they deconstructed the phallologocentric sanctions implicit in Millers account of Abigails fate, Elizabeths confession, and pots temptation and death.As a feminist guideer of the 1990s, I am trou bled by the unrecognized fall give away from the existential humanism that Miller and his critics have held dear. The Crucible is in need of an/Other reading, one that reveals the assumptions of the text, the author, and the reader/critic who is occasion of the sh ared consciousness created by the play. 4 It is time to reveal the vicarious enjoyment that Miller and his critics have found in a aperient male character who has enacted their exual and political fantasies. The setting of The Crucible is a favoured starting point in an analytic thinking of the play. Puritan New England of 1692 whitethorn indeed have had its parallels to McCarthys America of 1952,5 but there is more to the paranoia than xenophobiaof Natives and Communists, respectively. implicit in(predicate) in Puritan theology, in Millers chance variable of the Salem enchant trials, and all too frequent in the society which has produced Millers critics is gynecophobiafear and distrust of women.The half dozen heav y books (36) which the zealous Reverend Hale endows on Salem like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts (132) are books on witchcraft from which he has acquired an inventorying of symptoms, catchwords, and diagnostic procedures (36). A 1948 edition of the 1486 Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches), with a foreword by Montague Summers, may have prompted Millers comprehension of seventeenth-century and Protestant elucidations upon a work pilot lightly sanctioned by the Roman Church. Hales books would be highly misogynic tomes, for like the Malleus they would be premised on the belief that All witchcraft comes from carnal lust which in women is insatiable. 7 The authors of the Maleus, deuce Dominican monks, Johan Sprenger and Heinrich Kraemer, were writing yet a nonher fear-filled version of the apocryphal bad cleaning adult female they looked to Ecclesiasties which declares the wickedness of a charwoman is all evil there is no passion to a higher place the anger of a woman. It will be more agreeable to abide with a lion and a dragon, than to inhabit with a wicked woman rom the woman came the send-off of sin, and by her we all die. (2517, 23, 33) The Crucible is raise that Miller partakes of similar fears approximately wicked, angry, or wise women even if his complicity in such gynecophobia is unwittingand that is the to the highest degree generous thing we can accord him, a misrecognition of himself and his reputation-conscious hero nates as the authors of a topicivity8 which be aches totally to menthe run for generations of readers has been the same(p).In Salem, the major(ip)ity of witches chastened to die were women. Even so, Salems numbers were negligible9 compared with the gynocide in Europe Andrea Dworkin quotes a check off estimate of nine million witches executed at a ratio of women to men of as lots as 100 to 1. 10 Miller assures us in one of his editorial and political (and long and didactic) comments, that despite the Purit ans belief in witchcraft, there were no witches (35) in Salem his play, however, belies his claim, and so do his critics.The Crucible is filled with witches, from the wise woman/healer Rebecca Nurse to the black woman Tituba, who initiates the missfriends into the dancing which has always been part of the communal celebrations of women healers/witches. 11 But the most obvious witch in Millers invention upon Salem narration is Abigail Williams. She is the consummate seductress the witchcraft hysteria in the play originates in her carnal lust for Proctor. Miller describes Abigail as a strikingly beautiful girl ith an endless(prenominal) capacity for dissembling (8-9). In 1953, William Hawkins inviteed Abigail an evil kid12 in 1967, critic Leonard Moss said she was a malicious figure and unstable13 in 1987, June Schlueter and James Flanagan proclaimed her a whore,14 echoing Proctors How do you call Heaven whore Whore (109) and in 1989, Bernard Dukore suggested that if the stri kingly beautiful Abigails behaviour in the play is an indication, she may have been the one to take the initiative. 15 The critics forget what Abigail can non derriere Proctor took me from my sleep and put kat onceledge in my centerfield (24). They, like Miller, play so as non openly to condone the inherent behaviour of a man tempted to criminal conversation because of a spring chicken womans beauty and precociousness, her proximity in a hearthstone where there is too an apparently frigid wife, and the repression of Puritan society and religion. Abigail is a delectable commodity in what Luce Irigaray has conditioned a dominant scopic economy. 16 We are covertly invited to equate Johns admirable mutiny at the end of the playagainst the unconscionable demands of implicating others in a falsely ac dealledged sin of serving that which is antithetical to community (the Puritans called that antithesis the devil)with his more self-serving rebellion against its shake upual mor es. The subtle equation allows Miller non only to project fault upon Abigail, but also to touch what is really a cliched act of adultery on Johns part much more interesting.Miller wants us to recognize, if not celebrate, the individual trials of his existential hero, a spokesman for rational feeling and disinterested intelligence in a play some integrity and its obverse, compromise. 17 Mary Daly might describe the scholarly accommodate that Miller has received for his fantasy-fulfilling hero as The second element of the Sado-Ritual of the witch-craze an erasure of responsibility. 18 No critic has asked, though, how a seventeen-year-old girl, raised in the domicilhold of a Puritan minister, can have the knowledge of how to mark a man. The only rationale offered scapegoats some other woman, Tituba, complicating gynecophobia with xenophobia. ) The omission on Millers and his critics parts implies that Abigails sexual knowledge moldiness be inherent in her gender. I see the cond emnation of Abigail as an all too common example of blaming the victim. Mercy Lewiss reaction to John is another indictment of the sexual precociousness of the girls of Salem. Obviously conditioned of John and Abigails affair, Mercy is twain afraid of John and, Miller says, unlikely titillated as she sidles out of the room (21).Mary Warren, too, knows Abbyll charge lechery on you, Mr. Proctor (80), she says when he demands she tell what she knows about the poppet to the court. John is dismayed Shes told you (80). Rather than condemning John, all these incidents are included to emphasize the vengeance of a little girl (79), and, I would add, to convince the reader who is supposed to sympathize with John (or to feel titillation himself) that no girl is a bang-up girl, free of sexual knowledge, that individually is her mother Eves daughter.The circumstance is, however, that Salems young women, who have been preached at by a fire and brimstone preacher, Mr. Parris, are ashamed of their bodies. A gynocritical reading of Mary Warrens cramps later Sarah Good mumbles her displeasure at universe turned away from the Proctors door empty-handed is explainable as a curse of a more periodic nature But what does she mumble? You essential remember, discretion Proctor. Last Montha Monday, I thinkshe walked away, and I thought my guts would burst for both days after. Do you remember it? 58) The girls are the inheritors of Eves sin, and their bodies are their reminders. Though, like all young people, they find ways to rebeljust because adolescence did not exist in Puritan society does not mean that the hormones did not flowthey are seriously repressed. And the most insidious survey of that repression, in a society in which girls are not considered women until they marry (as young as fourteen, or significantly, with the onset of menses), is the turning of the young womens frustrations upon members of their own gender.It is not so strange as Proctor suggests for a Ch ristian girl to hang old women (58), when one such Christian girl claims her position in society with understandable determination Ill not be ordered to bed no more, Mr. Proctor I am eighteen and a woman, however single (60). Paradoxically, of course, the discord only serves to prove the assumptions of a parochial society about the jealousies of women, an important aspect of this play in which Miller makes each woman in Johns animateness claim herself as his just spouse Elizabeth assures him that I will be your only wife, or no wife at all (62) and Abigail makes her hearts desire plain with I will make you such a wife when the world is washrag again (150). To realize her claim Abigail has sought the help of voodooTitubas and the courtsto get rid of Elizabeth, but not without clear provocation on Johns part. Miller misses an opportunity to make an important comment upon the real and sensed competitions for men forced upon women in a hoary society by subsuming the womens conce rns within what he knows his auditory sense will recognize as more admirable communal and idealistic concerns.The eternal triangle motif, duration it serves many interests for Miller, is, ultimately, less important than the overwhelming nobility of Johns Christ-like martyrdom against that the womens complaints seem petty indeed, and an audience whose collective consciousness recognizes a dutifully repentent hero also sees the women in his life as less sympathetic. 19 For Abigail and Elizabeth also represent the extremes of female sexualitysultriness and frigidity, respectivelywhich test a mans body, en endangerment his spirit, and threaten his natural dominance or needs.In order to make Abigails seductive capability more believable and Johns culpability less pronounced, Miller has deliberately raised Abigails age (A Note on the Historical Accuracy of This depend) from twelve to seventeen. 20 He introduces us to John and Abigail in the number one act with Johns acknowledgement o f her young age. Abbythe diminutive form of her name is not to be missedis understandably annoyed How do you call me child (23). We already know about his having clutched her backside behind his house and sweated like a stallion at her every approach (22).Despite Abigails allegations, Miller achieves the curious effect of making her the apparent aggressor in this sceneas critical commentary proves. Millers ploy, to blame a woman for the Fall of a good man, is a sleight of pen as old as the Old Testament. There is something too at rest in the detail that legend has it that Abigail turned up later as a prostitute in Boston (Echoes Down the Corridor). Prostitution is not only the oldest profession, but it is also the oldest evidence for the law of put out and demand. Men demand sexual services of women they in turn regard as socially deviant.Millers report of Abigails fate resounds with implicit forgiveness for the man who is unwittingly tempted by a fatal female, a assent witc h. Millers treatment of Abigail in the second scene of Act ii, left out of the original reading version and most actions but included as an appendix in contemporary texts of the play, is also dishonest. Having promised Elizabeth as she is being taken away in chains that I will fall like an ocean on that court Fear nothing (78)at the end of the first scene of Act TwoJohn returns to Abigail, alone and at night.The scene is both anticlimactic and potentially damning of the hero. What may have begun as Millers attempt to have the rational John reason with Abigail, even with the defense that Elizabeth has adjured him to talk to her (61)although that is before Elizabeth is herself chargeends in a discussion that is dangerous to Johns position in the play. Miller wants us to believe, as Proctor does seeing her madness when she reveals her self-inflicted injuries, that Abigail is insane Im holes all over from their damned needles and pins (149).While Miller may have intend her madness to be a metaphor for her inherent evilsociologists suggest that madness replaced witchcraft as a pathology to be treated not by burning or hanging but by physicians and incarceration in mental institutions21he must have realized he ran the risk of making her more sympathetic than he intended. Miller is intent upon presenting John as a man obsessed by guilt and aware of his own hypocrisy, and to make Abigail equally aware, even in a conjure up of madness, is too risky.Her long speech about Johns goodness cannot be tolerated because its irony is too costly to John. Why, you taught me goodness, because you are good. It were fire you walked me through, and all my ignorance was burned away. It were a fire, John, we lay in fire. And from that night no woman dare call me wicked any more but I knew my answer. I used to call out for my sins when the wind lifted up my skirts and blushed for shame because some old Rebecca called me loose. And then you burned my ignorance away. As excess as so me December ree I saw them allwalking like saints to church, running to pay the sick, and hypocrites in their hearts And God gave me strength to call them liars, and God make men to listen to me, and by God I will scrub the world clean for the love of Him (150)22 We must not forget, either, when we are considering critical commentary, that we are dealing with an art form which has a specular dimension. The many Abigails of the stage have no doubt contributed to the unacknowledged view of Abigail as siren/witch that so many critics have.In Jed Harriss original production in 1953, in Millers own production of the same year (to which the later excised scene was first added), and in Laurence Oliviers 1965 production, Abigail was played by an actress in her twenties, not a young girl. The intent on each directors part had to have been to make Abigails lust for John believable. Individual performers have consistently enacted the sirens role The look of Madeleine Sherwood, who played Abi gail in 1953, glowed with lust but Perhaps the most impressive Abigail has been that of Sarah Miles in 1965. A plaguingly sexy compartmentalisation of beauty and crossness Miles reeks with the cunning of suppressed evil and steams with the promise of suppressed passion. 23 Only the 1980 production of The Crucible by Bill Bryden employed girls who looked even younger than seventeen. Dukore suggests that Brydens solution to the fact that Johns seduction of a teenage girl half his age appears not to have impressed critics as a major fault was ingenious yet (now that he has done it) obvious. 24 Abigail is not the only witch in Millers play, though Elizabeth, too, is a hag. But it is Elizabeth who is most in need of feminist reader-redemption.If John is diminished as Christian hero by a feminist deconstruction, the diminution is necessary to a balanced reading of the play and to a revised mythopoeia of the paternalistic monotheism of the Puritans and its twentieth-century equivalent, t he existential mysticism of Miller. Johns sense of guilt is intended by Miller to act as salve to any emotional injuries given his wife and his own conscience. When his conscience cannot be calmed, when he quakes at doing what he knows must be done in revealing Abigails deceit, it is upon Elizabeth that he turns his wrath Spare me You forget nothin and forgive nothin.Learn charity, woman. I have gone tiptoe in this house all seven month since she is gone. I have not moved from there to there without I think to please you, and still an everlasting funeral marches round your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies, as though I come into a court when I come into this house. (54-55) What we are meant to read as understandably defensive angerthat is if we read within the antiquated framework in which the play is create verballymust be re-evaluated such a reading must be done in the light of Elizabeths logicparadoxically, the only cold thing about her.She i s good when she turns his anger back on him with the magistrate sits in your heart that judges you (55). She is also right on two other counts. First, John has a faulty understanding of young girls. There is a promise make in any bed (61). The uninitiated and obviously self-punishing Abigail may be excused for thinking as she does (once again in the excised scene) that he is singing secret hallelujahs that his wife will hang (152) Second, John does nurse some tender feelings for Abigail despite his indignation.Elizabeths question reverberates with insight if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not (54). John has already admitted to Abigailand to usin the first act that I may think of you softly from time to time (23), and he does look at her with the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face (21). And Johns use of wintry images of Elizabeth and their home in Act TwoIts winter in her yet (51)echoes the imagery used by Abigail in Act One. 25 John is to Abigail no wintry man, but one whose heat has drawn her to her window to see him looking up (23).She is the one who describes Elizabeth as a cold, snivelling woman (24), but it is Millers favoured imagery for a stereotypically frigid wife who is no less a witch (in patriarchal lore) than a hot-blooded sperm-stealer like Abigail. Exacerbating all of this is the fact that John lies to Elizabeth about having been alone with Abigail in Parriss house Miller would have us believe that John lies to save Elizabeth pain, but I believe he lies out of a rationalizing habit that he carries forth to his death. Miller may want to be kind to Elizabeth, but he cannot manage that and Johns heroism, too.Act Two opens with Elizabeth as hearth angel singing softly offstage to the children who are, significantly, never seen in the play, and bringing John his supper pout rabbit which, she says, it hurt my heart to strip (50). But in the space of four pages Miller upbraids her sixsom e times. First, John is not quite pleased (49) with the taste of Elizabeths stew, and before she appears on stage he adds saltiness to it. Second, there is a certain disappointment (50) for John in the way Elizabeth receives his kiss. Third, Johns request for Cider? made as gently as he can (51) leaves Elizabeth reprimanding herself for having forgot (51). Fourth, John reminds Elizabeth of the cold atmosphere in their house You ought to bring flowers in the house Its winter in here yet (51). Fifth, John perceives Elizabeths melancholy as something perennial I think youre tragicomic again (51, emphasis added). And sixth, and in a more overtly condemning mood, John berates Elizabeth when he discovers that she has allowed Mary Warren to go to Salem to testify It is a fault, it is a fault, Elizabethyoure the mistress here (52).Cumulatively, these criticisms work to arouse sympathy for a man who would season his meal, his home, and his amour, a man who is meant to appeal to us because of his sensual awareness of springs erotic promise Its warm as blood infra the clods (50), and I never see such a load of flowers on the earth. Lilacs have a violet smell. Lilac is the smell of nightfall (51). We, too, are seasoned to believe that John really does aim to please Elizabeth, and that Elizabeth is stark in her admonishing of John for his affair, of which she is knowledgeable.It is for John that we are to feel sympathy when he says, Let you look to your own improvement before you go to judge your husband more (54). Miller has informed us of several ways in which Elizabeth could improve herself. Neil Carson claims that Miller intends the audience to view Proctor ironically in this scene Proctor, he says, is a man who is rationalising in order to avoid facing himself, and at the beginning of Act Two Proctor is as guilty as any of projecting his own faults onto others. 26 While I find much in Carsons entire chapter on The Crucible as naked as a jaybird a criticism of the play as any written, I am still uncomfortable about the fact that a tragic victory for the protagonist27 necessarily means an admission of guilt for his wifeonce again, it seems to me, a victim is being damn. No critic, not even Carson, questions Millers insistence that Elizabeth is at least(prenominal) partially to blame for Johns infidelity. Her fate is sealed in the lie she tells for love of her husband because she proves him a liar as in All My Sons, says critic Leonard Moss, a woman inadvertently betrays her husband. 28 John has told several lies throughout the play, but it is Elizabeths lie that the critics (and Miller) settle upon, for once again the lie fits the stereotypewoman as liar, woman as schemer, woman as witch sealing the fate of man the would-be hero. But looked at another way, Elizabeth is not a liar. The question put to her by Judge Danforth is Is present tense your husband a lecher (113). Elizabeth can in good conscience respond in the negative for she kn ows the affair to be over. She has no desire to condemn the man who has betrayed her, for she believes John to be nothing but a good man nly somewhat bewildered (55). Once again, though, her comment condemns her because an audience hears (and Miller perhaps intends) condescension on her part. The patriarchal reading is invited by Johns ironic response Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer (55). What seems to be happening is that Goody Proctor is turned into a goody two-shoes, a voice of morality. Why we should expect anything else of Elizabeth, raised within a Puritan society and a living example of its valued good woman, escapes me.I find it amazing that the same rules made but not obeyed by good men can be used to condemn the women who do adhere to them. The other thing which Miller and the critics seem unwilling to acknowledge is the hurt that Elizabeth feels over Johns betrayal instead, her anger, elicited not specifically about the affair but about the incident with t he poppet, following hard upon the knowledge of Giles Coreys wife having been taken, is evidence that she is no good woman. Her language condemns her Abigail is murder She must be ripped out of the world (76).Anger in woman, a danger of which Ecclesiastes warns, has been cause for locking her up for centuries. After Elizabeths incarceration, and without her intractable logic, Miller is able to focus on John and his sense of failure. But Elizabeths last words as she is taken from her home are about the children When the children wake, speak nothing of witchcraftit will frighten them. She cannot go on. Tell the children I have gone to visit someone sick (77-78). I find it strange that Johns similar concerns when he has torn up the confessionI have three childrenhow may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my riends? (143)should be valued above Elizabeths. Is it because the children are boys? Is it because Elizabeth is expected to react in the maternal fashion tha t she does, but for John to respond and then is a sign of sensitive masculinity? Is it because the communal as defined by the Word is be by the integrity of women? And why is maintaining a name more important than living? At least alive he might attend to his childrens daily needsafter all, we are told about the sad situation of the orphans walking from house to house (130). 9 It would be foolish to argue that John does not acquirethat, after all, is the point of the play. But what of Elizabeths suffering? She is about to lose her husband, her children are without parents, she is sure to be condemned to death as well. Miller must, once again, diminish the threat that Elizabeth offers to Johns martyrdom, for he has created a woman who does not lie, who her husband believes would not give the court the admission of guilt if tongs of fire were singeing her (138).Millers play about the life and death struggle for a mans soul, cannot be threatened by a womans struggle. In order to con trol his character, Miller impregnates her. The court will not sentence an unborn child, so Elizabeth does not have to make a choice. Were she to choose to die without wavering in her decision, as both John and Miller think she would, she would be a threat to the outcome of the play and the sympathy which is supposed to accrue to John.Were she to make the decision to live, for the reasons which Reverend Hale stresses, that Life, woman, life is Gods most precious gift no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it (132), she would undermine existential integrity with compromise. I am not reading another version of The Crucible, one which Miller did not intend, but rather looking at the assumptions inherent in his intentions, assumptions that Miller seems oblivious to and which his critics to date have questioned far too little.I, too, can read the play as a psychological and ethical contest which no one wins, and of which it can be said that both John and Elizabeth are expressions of men and women with all their failings and nobility, but I am troubled by the fact that Elizabeth is seldom granted even that much, that so much is made of Elizabeths complicity in Johns adultery, and that the victim of Johns virility,30 Abigail, is blamed because she is evil and/or mad. I do want to question the gender stereotypes in the play nd in the criticism that has been written about it. Let me indulge finally for a moment in another kind of criticism, one that is a fiction, or more precisely, a crypto-friction that defies stratifications of canonical thought and transgresses generic boundaries of drama/fiction and criticism. 31 Like Virginia Woolf I would like to speculate on a play written by a fictional sister to a famous playwright. Let us call Arthur Millers wide-eyed younger sister, who believes she can counter a scopic economy by stepping beyond the mirror, Alice Miller.In Alices play, Elizabeth and John suffer equally in a domestic worry which is exace rbated by the hysteria around them. John does not try to intimidate Elizabeth with his anger, and she is not described as cold or condescending. Abigail is a victim of an ripened mans lust and not inherently a bad girl she is not beautiful or if she is the playwright does not make so much of it. Her calling out of witches would be explained by wiser critics as the result of her fear and her confusion, not her lust.There is no effort made in Alices play to create a hero at the expense of the female characters, or a heroine at the expense of a male character. John is no villain, butas another male victim/hero character, created by a woman, describes himselfa trite, commonplace sinner,32 trying to right a wrong he admitswithout blaming others. Or, here is another version, written by another, more radical f(r)ictional sister, Mary Miller, a real hag. In it, all the witches celebrate the death of John Proctor.The idea comes from two sources first, a question from a female student who wa nted to know if part of Elizabeths motivation in not pressing her husband to confess is her desire to pay him back for his betrayal and second, from a response to Jean-Paul Sartres ending for the film Les Sorcieres de Salem. In his 1957 version of John Proctors story, Sartre identifies Elizabeth with the God of prohibiting sex and the God of judgment, but he has her save Abigail, who tries to break John out of jail and is in danger of being hanged as a traitor too, because Elizabeth realizes she loved John. As the film ends, Abigail stands shocked in a new understanding. 33 In Mary Millers version Elizabeth is not identified with the male God of the Word, but with the goddesses of old forced into hiding or hanged because of a renaissance of patriarchal ideology. Marys witches come together, alleged seductress and cold wife alike, not for love of a man who does not deserve either, but to celebrate life and their victory over male character, playwright, and critics, men in power ho create and identify with the roles of both the victimizers and the victims, men who Mary Miller would suggest vicariously enjoyed the womens suffering. 34 Notes 1. Arthur Miller, The Crucible (New York, 1981), 137. The play was originally published in 1953, but all further references to The Crucible are to the 1981 Penguin edition, and will be noted parenthetically in the text. 2. June Schlueter and James K. Flanagan, Arthur Miller (New York, 1987), 68. 3. Neil Carson, Arthur Miller (New York, 1982), 61. 4. Sandra Kemp, But how describe a world seen without self? Feminism, fiction and modernism, minute Quarterly 321 (1990), 99-118 104. 5. Millers interest in the Salem witchcraft trials predated his confrontation with McCarthyism (see E. Miller Budick, level and Other Spectres in The Crucible, Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York, 1987), 127-28, but it is also clear from the Introduction to Millers Collected Plays Vol 1 (New York, 1957) that he capitalized upon popular respons e and critical commentary which linked the two. Miller has been, it seems, a favoured critic on the subject of Arthur Miller. 6. In 1929 George L.Kittredge published a work called Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge) in which he remarked that the doctrines of our forefathers differed in regard to witchcraft from the doctrines of the Roman and Anglican Church in no essentialone may safely add, in no particular (21). In GynEcology The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, 1978), Mary Daly says that during the European witch burningsshe does not deal with the Salem witch trialsProtestants vied with and even may have surpassed their catholic counterparts in their warmth and cruelty (185-86). . Cited by Peter Conrad and Joseph W. Schneider, Deviance and Medicalization From Badness to Sickness, expanded edition (Philadelphia, 1992), 42. 8. Chris Weedon, Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist guess (Oxford, 1987), 30-31. 9. Nineteen women and men and two dogs were hanged, one man was pressed to death for refusing to plead, and 150 were imprisoned (see Schlueter and Flanagan, 72). 10. Remembering the Witches, Our kind Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (London, 1982), 16-17.See also the 1990 National Film Board production, The Burning Times, directed by Donna Read, which declares the European executions for witchcraft to have been a womens holocaust. Of the nine million people the film numbers among the burned, hanged, or otherwise disposed of, 85 per cent, it reports, were women. 11. The Burning Times discusses at length the place of women healers in Third-World cultures. 12. From Hawkinss check up on of the play in File on Miller, ed. Christopher Bigsby (London, 1988), 30. 3. Leonard Moss, Arthur Miller (New York, 1967), 60, 63. 14. Schlueter and Flanagan, 69. 15. Bernard Dukore, Death of a Salesman and The Crucible Text and action (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London, 1989), 50. 16. Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, New French Feminisms An Anthology, ed. Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron (Amherst, 1980), 101. 17. The only critic I have read who has made comments even remotely similar to my own regarding Abigail is Neil Carson.In a 1982 book he remarks that Abigail is portrayed as such an obviously bad piece of goods that it takes a clear-eyed French critic to point out that Proctor was not only twice the age of the girl he seduced, but as her employer he was breaking a double trust (75). Despite his insight, when it comes to explaining the effect of Millers omission of detail regarding the early stages of the affair, he does not, I think, realize its full implications.He says that Proctors sense of guilt seems a little forced and perhaps not really justified, but I think the choice was deliberately made so as to calumniate Johns guilt and emphasize his redemption as an existential man. Conversely, Abigail is more easily targeted (as the critics prove) for her active role in her seduction. 1 8. Daly, 187. 19. Carol Billman (Women and the Family in American Drama, Arizona Quarterly 36 1 1980, 35-48) discusses the study of everyman made in the family dramas of ONeill, Williams, Albee, and Miller (although she does not mention The Crucible) women ecessarily occupy a central position, but little attention is paid to their hyponymy or suffering. Linda Loman and I would add Elizabeth Proctor suffers at least as much as her husband (36-7). capital of Seychelles Sullivan and James Hatch, as well, have complained about the standards of review a complaining female protagonist is mechanically less noble than Stanley Kowalski or Willy Loman only men suffer greatly (quoted in Billman, 37, emphasis added). 20. Carson, 66.In a play that is historically accurate in so many ways, it is significant to note that the affair between John and Abigail was invented by Miller (Dukore, 43). 21. Conrad and Schneider, 43. 22. I think that whether or not one sees the irony as intentional on Abb ys part, she becomes more sympathetic. If intentional we can agree with her realization that Johns hypocrisy was least when he was seducing her he is a commonplace lecher. If Abigail is not cognizant of the extent of the irony of what she is saying, then she truly is too youngor too emotionally disturbedto understand the implications of what she is doing.Carson again comes close to making a very keen judgment about Abigails awareness of events going on around her It seems clear that we are to attribute at least a little of Abbys wildness and sensuality to her relationship with John, and to assume that the knowledge which Proctor put in Abigails heart is not simply carnal, but also includes some awareness of the hypocrisy of some of the Christian women and covenanted men of the community (68). Carsons insight, however, is limited by his belief in the radical side of Proctors nature, something with which modern audiences are sure to identify.The problem here is that the focus is once more removed from Abigails plight to her vicarious participation in one more of John Proctors admirable traits, for his is not a simple personality like that of Rebecca Nurse (68). 23. Dukore, 102. 24. ibid. , 95. 25. One critic, who celebrates Johns playfulness and who does not want his description of John as a liar to be taken in a pejorative sense, suggests that John and Abigail share a kindred spirit The physiologic attractiveness of Abby for John Proctor is obvious in the play, ut, I think, so is the passionate imagination which finds its return in one way in her and in another in Proctor (William T. Liston, John Proctors performing in The Crucible, Midwest Quarterly A Journal of Contemporary Thought 204 (1979), 394-403 403). John is a liarthat is part of his guiltand to suggest that Abigail offers John something that Elizabeth does not condemns Elizabeth and exonerates John even more than Miller intends. 26. Carson, 69-70. 27. Ibid. , 75. 28. Leonard Moss, Arthur Miller, re vised edition (Boston, 1980), 40, emphasis added. 29.I think it significant that the orphans are but one of the wasted possessions unattended to in Salem. The next part of the same sentence mentions abandoned cattle holla and rotted crops stinking. Miller has described a material and contemporary world. 30. Richard Hayes, Hysteria and Ideology in The Crucible, twentieth Century Interpretations of The Crucible, ed. John H. Ferres (Englewood Cliffs, 1972), 34. I find it interesting and instructive that a 1953 review of the play uses the term to describe Arthur Kennedys portrayal of John Proctor. 31. Aritha Van Herk, In Visible Ink (crypto-frictions) (Edmonton, 1991), 14. 2. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre (Harmondsworth, 1984), 160. 33. Eric Mottram, Jean-Paul Sartres Les Sorcieres de Salem, Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Crucible, 93, 94. 34. Daly, 215. Source Citation Schissel, Wendy. Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible A Feminist Reading. Modern Drama 37. 3 (Fall 1994) 461-473. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 July 2011. Document URL http//go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? &id=GALE%7CH1420082425&v=2. 1&u=uq_stpatricks&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w Gale Document Number GALEH1420082425