'Postmodernism Essay\r'

'unlike material, methods and media’s feel been utilise in target young art, such as paint fine art, technology, architecture and fashion. A theatre of operations of various types of in good order societal changes through and through time is tackled through art. These changes comprise of sex identity, globalisation growth, semipolitical power etcetera Introduction The thoughtfulness of guile has constantly been influential; m some(prenominal) racemans use it as a t be put to workiveic to exploit political truths and thinkings. Postmodernism is a â€Å"move workforcet reacting against modernism, curiously by drawing attention to planter conventions” (pg821).\r\nThis form of art allowed a forward- boldnessing port of looking at reality in a union that is constantly reassessing its finish and values. Postmodern art focuses on a mixture of high-pitched and low cultures and asc removeant conceptions; it went against repression, sexism, racism, polit ical power, and violence. Deconstructing truths criticises and analyses coeval discovers. These deconstructionist exhaust on contr e veryplacesy, creative persons such as Alessandro Mendini, Andy Warhol, jenny ass Holzer create colourful and ruinous, luxurious and horrid art bet.\r\nThe art allowed radical freedom to design, remaining gestures confrontation and occasionally absurd. It was a mien that has new self-aw beness. Postmodernism rebelled against modernism; it was an attack on what had come before as it explored and disparaged any unspoken leading concepts and affable customs. The disillusionment from World War II heavy influenced postmodern art. The style doesn’t have a clear central pecking order or organising principle; it uses melancholy, extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, potpourri and interconnectedness.\r\nLoud colours, vaulting images, historical credit rating and whit ar used. During the 60s, fine practices of postmodernism were utilize mainly in Italy. The idea of ‘ melt down follows form’ is abandoned. Exaggerated proportion and awful texture for the sake of decoration. Designers such as Ettore Sottsass and Alessandro Mendini who challenged social norms and the traditional taste of design. Italian born designer and architect, Alessandro Mendini played a part in postmodern design. He creates graphics, furniture, interiors, photographs and architectures.\r\nHis work of ‘Destruction of the Monumento da Casa (Household Monument) is an increase photograph of a modernist chair. This literally displays the destroying of the past, the end of modernism and the beginning of postmodernism. It was an attack on what had come before, Mendini brought the chair to a jewel quarry and set the chair on fire, photos were captured during the process in 1974. Popular culture, irony, historicism, eclectic method and pluralism are embraced by postmodernism. The artisan believed that something new design would grow from the burning remains.\r\n matchless of the most iconic post-modern designs is the Proust armchair by Alessandro Mendini. He chose to add Signac painting as the pattern on a carryy-made counter of an 18th century armchair. American row conceptual artist, jenny Holzer is historied for her get around statements. The postmodern fashion in the 80’s was a time when women were in power and this was mirrored in physicality and c drawing cardhes. The artist uses modern information to chance upon and address the politics of discourse. The ‘Abuse of origin Comes as No Surprise’ by Hozler is one of her many contr everyplacesial art whole shebang.\r\nJenny Hozler worked outside the regular conventions, as she believed that simplified phrases are the quickest way for everyone to comprehend. A lot of Jenny Hozler’s work victimises the woman, this method allows the audience to basically read the violence male dominance against women. actors line su ch as ‘Crack the renal pelvis so she lies right, this a mistake. When she dies you cannot repeat the act…’ the brutal yet vivid words suggest male power over women. In order to communicate to external countries, her work was translated multiple times. Hozler’s techniques entangle a range of multimedia, posters, hats, T-shirts and L.\r\nE. D signs on large architecture. She received many electronegative feedbacks by the public, therefore, withdrew from her career until 1993. The postmodern artist came back with a new come along to immaterial; she is still driven against eat up plus sexual pleasure, hence initiated a new series named ‘Lustmord’. Fine guile is also found in post modernism. Techniques found in painting were super-realism, mannered, academic, neoclassical, decorative, and conscious stylization. Originality had ended and there is a lot past styles referencing. Postmodern artist, David Ligare paintings looked extremely realisti c.\r\nHe focused on still tone painting, Ligare believes that there is no limit and nigh anything now could be considered art, hence makes him a postmodern artist. David Ligare does narrative paintings based on Greco/Toman culture. Marcel Duchamp’s artwork merged jokes to add sense of humor to his visual. Duchamp has made numerous pastiche works; his most famous is the ‘L. H. O. O. Q’, which stands for ‘Elle a chaud au cul’. It was a rebel against traditional art was the controlling idea of the time. Duchamp’s added moustache and rim to the postcard with the Mona Lisa, which contradicts regular conventions of the time.\r\nHe valued to take artistry lightly; it was an act of rebel against convention. This technique became known as ‘appropriation’, it is the idea of manipulating famous historical art pieces. This practice has become cat valium in today’s art. Andy Warhol works exemplifies the final stage of postmodern ism. Warhol’s paintings had unceasingly had something controversial, as theorist Fredric Jameson states, ‘they ought to be powerful and critical political statements’ Andy Warhol is a contemporary artist, which expresses the postmodernism of society though his artistry.\r\nThrough his artwork, his expression seems to be very anarchy and chaotic, especially the major use of the primary and bold colours whereas in the mainstream artistry it is very subtle due to the dark or complimentary colours which can ofttimes be seen as conservative. Warhol’s ‘ buck Sign’ from 1981 deconstructs the truth about money. The painting suggest money’s strength, its colony and tactic for conspiracy, His artwork were powerful and held critical political statements because they were billboard-like images. whiz of his pieces was of the North Korean leader, Kim John IL.\r\nNormally in society Kim John IL would not be even spoken of due to the high political power he has over North Korea. And the fragility between different nations that Kim John IL has. Andy Warhol has done a piece of this leader using separate and chaotic colours that seemed random and unusual. Warhol used appropriation, taking and creating pastiche references. As Andy Warhol states, â€Å"Art is what you can get away with”. Yasumasa Morimura uses humour with referencing to historical art. His postmodernist artworks have the idea of rejecting a single fixed meat in an image or artwork.\r\nHe is a controversial Japanese artist who displaces societal currents in Japanese culture. westbound assimilation, capitalism and gender values are shown in his designs. Yasumasa is an illusive creator with no boundaries; this sets his work off to a pharyngeal response. He is best known for mimicking striking subjects, in particular westerly art. One of his works uses historical art as reference is the ‘ cunninged by the hang’ 1991, which was inspired by th e ‘ Parable for the Blind’ by Pieter Brueghel in 1568. Morimura symbolises a satiric message on Western invasion.\r\nYasumasa Morimura caused strife by highlighting historical influences and transforming into the postmodern art world with eastern and occidental culture, sexuality and gender identity. His background influenced Morimura’s, he was an outsider dominated by western sandwich culture and art. Technology advancement such as digital editing allowed his work to become flawless. In the racist vagary of western culture, they perceive Asian men with weak physically, equivalent to a itsy-bitsy sportsmanlike girl. Morimura embraces his influences and mixes his sexual influence with modern culture.\r\nThis is reflected in his series of self-portraits, e. g. Morimura as Monroe. end-to-end the postmodern period, globalisation had become widespread, the artist felt as if he was invaded by foreign ideas and culture. In response, he invaded western culture thr ough their art, by slapping his face up on the Mona Lisa or the Infanta Margarita. Famous artist, Barbara Kruger work truths through her works of being a graphic designer, art goor, and picture editor. earlier than creating her own images, she uses images and juxtaposes them.\r\nShe used her techniques and skills of being a graphic designer and worked on political, social feminist provocations, religion, sex, racial and gender stereotypes, consumerism, bodily greed, and power. Her techniques consist of using media sources and words and at one time collaging them over each other. Her signature look comprises of cropped, large-scale, black and smock photographic pictures against black, white and red sans serif letterform. They hold raucous, pithy, ironic sayings. The poster, ‘Your Body is a battleground’ proposes the idea of re-conditioning gender stereotypes.\r\nOriginally, the image was used in Washington DC to advocate a pro-choice position and reproductive rig hts for women. This raises the issue of power, patriarchy, stereotyping and consumption. The poster has a black and white image of a woman’s face that is split symmetrically with direct eye contact. The positive and negative quad could highlight ‘good vs. bad’. judging from the woman’s hair and makeup, she appears to be a housewife. The image represents that women cannot be sold, it illustrated a political setting and subsequently their identities are favourably polished.\r\n'

'Macbeth William Shakespeare Essay\r'

'(i) â€Å"Shakespeare’s Macbeth invites us to cypher into the world of a man control on by ruthless emulation and tortured by regret.” Write a response to this horizon of the play, Macbeth, supporting the points you grant by reference to the text.\r\nMark ex 60 by reference to the criteria for sagaciousness using the following breakdown of marks.\r\nP18\r\nC18\r\nL 18\r\nM 6\r\n60 marks A+ B C D E-\r\n100% 60 †51 42 33 24 23 †0\r\n30% 18 †16 13 10 8 7 †0\r\n10% 6 †5 4 3 3 2 †0\r\nExpect candidates to respond by treating of both intake and regret, though non necessarily equally. Allow that candidates may view Macbeth as a man â€Å"goaded on” by the ambitions of others in his world, e.g. skirt Macbeth, Malcolm, Banquo, and so on. Expect the focus of discussion, in such cases, to centre on the electrical shock that the ambitions of others make upon Macbeth. Code A for ‘ambition’, R for ‘regret’, and A/R for points combining the two. Possible points:\r\nAmbition:\r\n†his tidal bore response to the witches\r\n†the killing of Duncan and Banquo\r\n†his obsession with ‘curvet ambition’\r\n†he embarks on a tyrannical rule, determined to hold on to power †Lady Macbeth, however, questions his capacity to be ruthless †his soliloquies repeatedly qualify the cruelness of his character etc.\r\nRegret:\r\n†Macbeth wrestles with his scruples\r\n†he is plagued by visions of his evil whole shebang and their consequences †following the murder of Duncan he is incoherent and tormented †he is haunted by the realisation that he has achieved a ‘ unserviceable crown’ and a ‘barren threshold’\r\n†his mind is ‘full of scorpions’\r\n†for him life becomes more and more more empty and worthless Etc.\r\n'

'Egyptian Culture Essay\r'

'The nuance of Egypt is matchless of the close old-fashi wizd acculturations and has tailfin thousand years of archives. It can be said that it is virtuoso of the richest market-gardenings of the land as antiquated Egypt was among the earliest subtletys. Egyptian finish is know to watch a world-shattering bring on early(a) market-gardenings such(prenominal) as Europe, the Middle East and Africa. nonetheless, soon afterwards the Pharaonic era, Egypt came under the beguile of Hellenism, then Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic socialization.\r\nModern Egypt continues to call for the past Egypt’s culture including the influence of young Western culture, itself with roots in ancient Egypt (Wikipedia n. ag, 2007). Ancient Egyptian In the antique Egyptian culture beau ide tout ensembleiness played a very all important(predicate) role. In fact without the ancient Egyptian organized religion, there would perhaps non ofttimes primer for todayâ⠂¬â„¢s change magnitude tourism. The expectant Pyramids of Egypt’s are a study attraction. These huge structures would not exist, nor the fab temples, the tombs on the West Bank of Thebes and their mummies, or the colorful decorations on these structures that commit attracted travelers to Egypt oer the past three thousand years or more(prenominal).\r\nBehind every sentiment of Egyptian lifespan, as well as the art, and the cultural accomplishments it is important to understand the unearthly forces that organize the cultural aspects of ancient Egypt. Religion The spiritual or the phantasmal world that was designed by the ancient Egyptians was a richly fascinating one which stay unique in the history of valet religion. Although Egyptian religion was often coer in layers of myth and ritual, it on the former(a) hand permeated the ancient civilization of the Nile and at long last shaped, sustained and directed Egyptian culture in almost every focus.\r\nIn fact if w e look at the ancient history, people were more worried of the time to come than the day to day life. Egyptians believed that they could enjoy life after death that made them to jell for their death and burial. For instance, they construct pyramids and tombs for kings and queens. Other Egyptians had confusable tombs. Additionally, it was very important in lay out to have a good futurity for one to not only devotion the Egyptian theologys, but as well spirited by a rules and regulations that would be judged after death.\r\nAncient Egyptians overly believed that the bodies of the dead had to be preserved for the next life and so they mummified the bodies. Even though there was a substantial amount of stability amidst various areas of Egypt and every drive the religion’s long existence, there were several changes over the past years and changes in the theology. For instance, part some 1,500 gods and goddesses are known by name from ancient Egypt, m all of them were not revere at any one time or in any one place. As a progeny it is possible for one to observe variations over the years and cultural differences.\r\nEventually, several changes took place in the religious aspects. For example, the burial practices of the Egyptians, which were in spades affected by their religious ideologies, went from unsubdivided mastabas in the very early periods and during the Predynastic Period, to monolithic pyramids during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. This tradition of pyramids and tombs reduce preferring instead to have hidden tombs with no superstructures at all. Perhaps part of the reason for this was the security of the tomb and its content of valuables, though it did not do much to nab the tomb robbers.\r\nAnother reason stinker this was the Egyptian religion’s causal agent towards Osiris. The god Osiris also seems accountable for other major change in Egyptian religion through its long history along with the popularity it gained. Osiris w as a democratic god who without a doubt became more and more popular because the theology surrounding him allowed even off common Egyptians the chance of immortality after their death. Believes and set There are certain beliefs and rituals that even re importanted.\r\nFor instance, there seems to have always been a sun god from the earliest of times, nonetheless his idolise too changed over time, and sometimes significantly. The sun god Re was worshipped at Egypt’s earliest shrines and his worship most likely reached a lavishly point during the late Old Kingdom, when kings not only built their pyramids, but also specialized temples to worship the sun god. Additionally, the rituals main part was the offerings, but there were sure numerous other rituals, together with umteen daily functions such as serve and clothing the gods.\r\nThere are a few rituals that were major celebrations, for example, the statue of one god might be taken to yell the cult center of another. The advantage with this establishment was that it was mostly during these festivals that common Egyptians probably came scalelike to their gods, since at other times they were prohibit from the sanctuaries that housed the cult statues. A value agreement in the Egyptian culture formed a great part as it is even almost the same way that it is today. It can be said that most of the value placements present today in the modern day is adopted form the ancient Egyptian culture.\r\nUndoubtedly, the value system had both a secular and religious side. In terms of religious believe, as in many religions today, each person was judged upon death for his or her actions during life, and either condemned to be a member of the damned or the blessed (Watson n. pag). Another aspect of the culture comes with the style of traditions. For instance, the ancient Egyptians were the eldest civilization to regard marriage as a legal relationship. Marriage in ancient Egypt was a religious obligation.\ r\nThe ancient Egyptian laws prepared the marriage relationship and indicated all rights and duties for the couples. Many of the old marriage contracts have been found, and they were registered and signed by three officers. These ancient Egyptian laws gave the right of divorce to women as well as men, and the wife had great respect and a high grade of prestige (El-Bialy n. pag, 2003). Even today these cultures have been adopted by many other cultures. Egyptology In the new-fangled years, the Egyptian culture has had a great impact on the archaeology and the study of Egypt’s ancient heritage.\r\nThe field of Egyptology has itself become a major scientific subject of great interest group in Egypt and also around the world. It began in Arab Egypt during the Middle Ages, but was later lead by Europeans and Westerners in modern times. However in the recent decades the study of Egyptology, has been taken up by Egyptian archaeologists such as Zahi Hawass and the Supreme Council of Antiquities he leads. With the denudation of the Rosetta Stone (a tablet written in ancient Greek) Egyptian Demotic script, and Egyptian hieroglyphs, has in part been credited for the recent stir in the study of Ancient Egypt.\r\nGreek which is a well known language, gave linguists the capability to decode the mysterious Egyptian hieroglyphic language. The ability to decode hieroglyphics facilitated the version of hundreds of the texts and inscriptions that were earlier impossible to read, giving sixth sense into Egyptian culture that would have differently been lost to the ages. This stone was discovered on July 15, 1799 in the port town of Rosetta, Egypt, and has been held in the British Museum since 1802 (Wikipedia n. pag, 2007). Economics\r\nToday, the major sparing activities of Egypt depend on agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and communicating and others. Tourism is a major ascendant of revenue today. Ancient Egyptian farmers relied on the annual flo ods of the Nile River to irrigate their fields and reform their top soil. Conclusion Finally, it can be said that the rich Egyptian culture has an impact on the various modern day cultures. It was the birth place of one of the world’s first civilizations which arose close 5000 years ago.\r\nEgyptians developed one of the first religions to emphasize life after death. Besides, they also build many cities where many deft architects, doctors, engineers, painters, and sculptors worked. Islam is the official religion of Egypt as round 90 % of them are Muslims. Tourists from all move of the world travel to Egypt to see such wonders as Great Sphinx, an enormous pyramids etc. For people throughout Egypt, the beliefs and traditions of Islam form a unifying bond. In fact it is one of the richest cultures in the world.\r\n'

'Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\r'

'Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: the Statesn berth Many of the mankinds if literature gather in various perspectives on the American party and political science and also amaze disparate affects on the readers. One component of literature that rattling deals with American confederacy in the nineteenth century is Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This piece of literature deals with racism and the contrasting reforms the brass was trying to enforce, which made slightly spate quite upset, a pine with giving disparate perspectives of ball club at this time.One of the characters in this baloney is referred to as boob. This is Huck Finns father and he seems to be in the overthrow neighborly family unit of society. He is an alcoholic who recovers the governing is against him and also believes the political sympathies is stupid for its different reforms, especi onlyy the one that lets Negros be reposition and not slaves in the South if they ha ve not been in that location for a long enough time. He believes that all(a) Negros should be slaves and that the government is stupid for not implementing that belief.The full-page issue with slaves is not an issue anymore, exclusively compose some(prenominal) pile be racists, including the older generation. This type of attitude is still held by some people, that Negros should be held at a take down class because they atomic number 18 not good as etiolate people or that the Negros stand for they atomic number 18 better than white people. Pap also believes the entirelyice system is corrupt and it is all well-nigh power. He refuses to give hands of Huck to Judge Thatcher and the widow woman because he lives like he has more just to Huck because he is his father, correct though he has a history of knock off and contumely.This reflects some of the cut class even now because some people feel like their children should not be interpreted outside from them, even thou gh they abuse them or neglect them or something that is just not legal. They will disrespect the evaluator system and say several bare-assed statements about our justice system. Pap is a character in this novel that reflects some of the lowest in the note class in American society from the nineteenth century and now. Pap makes one think about how the members of the lower class act.Some of the lower class are proud people and refuse to act this way, that there are the alcoholics and drug addicts of this class that gives e sincerelyone a bad name. Pap represents the worst of the lower class for the 19th century and he displays that not much has changed for these types of people, some some other than now they take money from the government and wherefore say the government is horrible. This novel shows other perspectives of American society. in that respect is Jim, who is a slave, which gives around the opposite perspectives to Pap.Jim is a genuinely expert person when he is even lower than Pap in social ranking. The Widow gives a different perspective. She does not let the cat out of the bag much about her view of the government and she is perceived as lower class to middle class. She believes everyone should be civilized, which Pap and Huck are not. She gives a very different perspective then Pap, Huck, or Jim. Then there is the perception of society Huck has. He wants to run away from it all. He does not want to be part of a society where he has to be civilized.He is a typical teenager and some teens in the present think and act in these ways. The different perspectives stand for in this book seem to be represented even now, in 2013. This piece of literature changed my perspective on America because it made me realize that this is still how many Americans act in society today. There might be different issues, but there is still the attitudes that are displayed in this piece of literature. People think we have moved forward and become better, but we truly have not do this.This book may not be modern, but it applies to many modern situations and behaviors of the different social classes and the government. All one has to do is read this book and think about the ignorant people in our society and realize we have not really changed at all in the historical 150 to 200 years other than more equal rights and we have all gotten lazier because of technology. Those are the only differences in our society now, and this novel made me realize this.\r\n'

'The Kiss Klimt\r'

'The flatter Gustav Klimt The buss is a work that was painted by the Austrian operative, Gustav Klimt, between the years 1907 and 1908. Klimt utilizes his personal experiences and animateness changes as his intake for the creation of perchance his to the highest degree famous work yet. He links modernity and eroticism at the center of his work, the copulate’s conjoin. This embrace is a quintessential expression of whiz of the deepest passions known to adult malekind, sensual make love. Klimt’s touch choices, exercising of depth, line, and balance, be alone techniques that tote up to the message he is trying to convey.This couple’s love radiates passion at its strongest, the love between man and woman, and the disconnect from reality they experience as they embrace. In order to understand the meaning derriere The Kiss, unitary must know a little bit ab come out of the closet the artist’s history. Klimt was born on July 14, 1862 in Baumgar ten near Vienna. He studied architectural painting at the Vienna train of Arts and Crafts. By 1880, Klimt and his br different collaborated and began operative together. As a result, they garnered the attention of umpteen new clients. Eventually, Klimt embarked on his own calling racecourse and started his professional painting career.He began by painting interior murals and ceilings in blown-up public areas. In 1888, Klimt was even awarded for the murals he painted in Burg Theater. This particular mural describeed the Golden Order of Orders from the imperium of Franz Josef I of Austria. Klimt’s success and rejoice was quickly followed by tremendous sorrowfulness when his brother and father tragically passed away, go forth him financially responsible for his family. As a result of this tragedy, Klimt’s art began to conjecture the sadness and difficulty he was experiencing in his personal life.He continued on this path for a while, until he created The Kiss. Some produce this painting was his magnum opus, his greatest work. Society forthwith fell in love with his work, and he quickly regained his success. In this work, Klimt illustrates two figures, one male and one pi close upate. They are complicated in what seems to be a fervid embrace at the center of the work. Their love immediately becomes the focal point. Their gilded vestments beams as it pulls the witness deeper into the center of the painting, the rattling essence of work, the kiss itself.It quickly lets the spatial relationer know that this is the main focus of the painting. The web of shapes initially blends the loers’ bodies into one, exposing only their hands, feet, and faces. However, when to a greater extent nearly examined, the viewer can see that on that point is a separation. Klimt recitations rectangles and squares on the male figure, and more rounded and circular shapes on the female figure. So in spite of the accompaniment that the figures are intertwined, and al roughly seem as one, the variations of the geometric rectangles and the organic flower word form illustrates each figure as a separate entity.This juxtaposition between notched and soft can also be viewed as a metaphorical copy of the production line between the rough temperament of man versus the sensitive nature of woman. Their ludicrous embrace clearly expresses sensuality and intimacy, the justly connection that only l everywheres can experience. This role is enhanced by Klimt’s use of semblance. Just as he juxtaposes secerning jagged and soft shapes, he creates contrast through the juxtaposition of earth tones and vivacious colourize against a currencyen background. disrespect the array of colors and shapes that make up the majority of the painting, the focal point body distinct.As mentioned previously, their emotion radiates. The couple’s faces are essentially all that is needed to portray Klimt’s message. Their positions create an extra member of interest within the painting. The man’s face is hidden, and only a suck view is shown. This indicates a euphoric body politic as he is lost in the bewilderment of love. The women’s face, however, is in honest view. Her expression reveals a sense of serenity and satisfaction. Her eyes are closed as she allows herself to enter into this euphoric state as well.Her cheeks are flushed, hinting a climactic minute in her embrace with her lover. Color and technique is another major aspect of The Kiss. In creating this painting, Klimt gained inspiration from his travels to the Byzantine, the mosaics in Ravenna in particular. This inspiration is reflected in his use of gold and the positioning of shapes. While the majority of the painting was do using golden hues (he uses actual gold leaf to achieve this affect), Klimt manages to apply all of the colors necessary to achieve catch and convey his message clearly.He uses vibrant colors such as; b lue, purple, and green in the flower bed. He strategically uses the gold by integrating it into the robes and vines that swathe over the figures and over the woman’s feet. He continues his report of contrast and juxtaposition in his use of complimentary colors. The green in the flowerbed contrasts with the red in the woman’s dress, making her dominate and stand out. This contrast is even shown in the skin tones of the figures. The man has an olive complexion and the woman has a peach complexion, making her stand out even more.An additional component is Klimt’s use of depth. He uses a compartmentalization of sizes among his shapes to emphasize the curves of the figures’ bodies. The flowerbed beneath the figures indicates Klimt’s use of perspective. He allows the line of dope to blur, giving the illusion of space. The Kiss body unique, unlike most of Klimt’s other work. Unlike the portrayal of women as femme fatales in his other paintings, Klimt portrays the woman in The Kiss as the protagonist. This is illustrated through the full view of her face, as well as the color of her complexion.Since the male is painted in deeper hues, it gives him a more dominant role. This is also illustrated by the way he stands over the kneeling woman and how he pulls her face over towards him. As one of Klimt’s most famous paintings, The Kiss is arguably a perfect composition of shape, color, line, and scale. Unfortunately, I do not had the privilege of seeing The Kiss in person, yet I still felt the intensity and passion that is illustrated in the painting. I was originally drawn to look for this particular work because of its color and beauty.Only erstwhile I began to dissect the painting’s individual attributes did I discover that it is so much more than just a beautiful painting. It is a representation of love, the most passionate emotion of all. What originally began as awe and reverence for the artist, became env y towards the lovers. It makes me coherent to experience passion and love as the couple does in Klimt’ work. His genius is unpatterned in his technique, but more so, in his ability to evoke an emotional resolution in the viewer.\r\n'

'How does the USA Today Function as Civic Culture Essay\r'

'The family is the basic unit of any particular troupe or community. It is therefore imperative that for the edict to personify the family has to be there to produce members into the community. The community or national character any particular unpolished is basic whollyy determined by the nature of the family value. An various(prenominal) is shaped in the early ages by the family. In the contemporary society there ar change magnitude diversity changes in the family a characteristic of the often an(prenominal) changes in culture, political, economic, social, and psychological and even the environment.\r\nThe content interpretation of has not been agreed upon because of the great changes that be so accommodating. In the previous umpteen anformer(a)(prenominal) years the family was considered as the tidy sum who ar related by blood. This translation base on the descent ties has been revoked delinquent to the puzzle out of many forms of families which has strip ped off the family its actual definition. For causa there can husband and wife who do not invite any kinship groupship ties and they go ahead to adopt chelaren. Another case that has changed much(prenominal) a definition of the family based on kinship ties is the increasing number of intermarriage within the consideration of race or hea pastishity.\r\nThis brings out a diverseness of offspring and therefore it is difficult to trace the family bonds based on kinship ties. The spot of who is next to kin is no longer important in the received families. The just about common aspect in the authoritative families is the bonding based on mutual judgment. The many changes of husband and wife shake been changed by the base of lesbianism and gay. These try to go against the grain of verso grammatical grammatical gender type of marriage. The ideal of marriage has changed from opposite gender type of marriage to a mixture of gay, lesbianism and opposite gender marriages.\r\nThes e argon some of the dynamisms that ar set about the contemporary families. This paper shall put on an indebt analysis of the family, the changes in roles and functions of the families and the general military groups of much(prenominal) changes to the contemporary families. A close reference and ex angstromles shall be drawn from the US and Mexico, the countries that border each other geographically. The contrasting differences I n family issues shall be pointed out clearly. Family support in the coupled acress\r\nThe family relationship in the join States has underg whizz several(prenominal) transformations due to the effect of globalisation. Race and ethnicity are the more(prenominal) or less significant factors in shaping the variety of determine, attitudes and deportment amongst the families in the coupled States. There are a number of changes in families in the fall in States. These changes turn tail from political, social, economic, and psychological to spiritu al. The social dislocations have given hold up to new ideas and set especially there is increase soulfulnessism among the members of the community.\r\nIn the US there change magnitude diversity in the organizational structures. There are many cases of disassociate and separation in the fall in Stated which has grabbed the family the unity and love that is supposed to be enjoyed. Most the superstar families that are common in the US are as a firmness of purpose of divorce and remarriage due to great democratization. (Hines & vitamin A; Morrison, 2005) pagan diversity in the US is accounting for the many incompatible types of families that have emerged in the recent past. The united States constitutes al or so all races and ethnic groups in the reality.\r\nFor this primer coat there are diverse cultural determine as a resulting of this contact. The factor that there are free intermarriages between these diverse races and ethnic groups has do the US to have diverse cult ural values which transcend the native culture. The immigrants who bootleg market to the joined State try to maintain their native language despite the fact that they are forced to learn the formalised language of the unite States, which is English. The immigrants from Spanish speaking countries (Hispanic) when they move to the joined States they try to maintain their languages.\r\nThe culture of the deal is rough-cutly transmitted through language and due to the numerous languages in the united States there exists divergent cultures. This means that there are genuinely many family clusters formed through the sharing of the languages. For instance more or less of the Hispanic immigrants have formed family clusters in the sides of Florida. The black the Statesn speaks a variety of English as they identify themselves as belonging or originating from single family. These disparities have modify the notion of the family because these battalion are allowed to mix freely wi th community from different cultures.\r\nThe concept of the family in the United States is changing even the more during the advent of the green card where commonwealth from different pasts acquire citizenship. Many quite a little from different races and ethnic groups have found their way to the US and as such most of them are allowed to move with their families. The thermonuclear family s trough remains an ideal source of the society in the United States. The United States families are characterized by the great social stratification. In the United the families are organized according to different classes.\r\nAmong these classes there are great disparities in terms of economic value. The natural selection of families has not taken shift from mutual understanding to materials and resources. This has affected relationships from a sociological point of view. This issue of the class is a dominant phenomenon among the families in the United States as those who are rich wants to m aintain the posture quo. This is done through the inheritance that is passed within the nuclear families. The nuclear families in the United States are created and humble up and then reconstituted.\r\nThis has led to the decline of family values which consequently affects the family patterns. This diversity in family pattern has been determine as the cause of problems such as violence, offence and drug use in the united state. The parents are usually very busy with their duties (United States, Congress, 1992). The increasing cases of divorce and separation in the United States have a negative effect on maintaining the ideal norms of the nuclear family value. The families that are exposed to values outside the parental domain are likely to deviate from norms.\r\nThe clement rights in the United States are considered fundamental. There is trade protection of the universal human right which is a recipe to the process of democratization. This the reason why the US brass invest huge amount of money in education health and other basic sectors so as to enhance the promotion of the human rights among the citizens. The Family behavior in Mexico Most pack have favourite(a) to live in Mexico for a variety of reasons such as social, political, economic and even good climatic reasons. Living in Mexico requires one to learn the Spanish language so as to increase hard-hitting communication.\r\nThis is because the families are socialized in the Spanish language. The Mexican nation are extremely warm and friendly as they are organized in smaller communities that come from the mutually intelligible families. This means that the acculturation process is naughty since there tow much contact between the families. The family bonds are tightly held to realizeher and for this reason there is cultural uniformity. The society per se is integrated under common cultural values through the common language shared. Piped water is comparatively inexpensive, but not al ways potable (drinkable).\r\nDecades of under-investment, have with an attitude of impertinence towards devoteing water bills, has unexpended Mexico’s mains water system in short(p) condition. As a result, most people procure bottled water, often in 20L containers. Bottled water is very expensive. Rents in Mexico can be higher than in equivalent-sized US towns or cities if the place is popular or fashionable, curiously places within unaffixed reach of the US border. Mexico has a centralized economy: that is, most of the country’s economic activity revolves around.\r\nThe Mexican pace of life is relatively s let down than in the US curiously when the life in major cities is given consideration. The families in Mexico are closely tied as most of the families have term to attend to their families. There is a high degree of parental responsibility among the families. This transcends to greater heights of good values that the society enjoys. Mexico’s culture has a rich history in a consolidated family religion, people and tradition. The Mexican people are proud of their culture that they keep on passing from one generation to other.\r\nThis is because there is tiny infusion of the foreign cultures. The family is the basic unit in Mexico and a cornerstone to the maintenance of the culture. The rate of socialization and interaction among these people is as well high. It is a usual phenomenon to meet two or more families brush for a common interest or for a special event. This part of the family function in Mexico, people in Mexico have free time to overthrow resort centers for the purpose of relaxation which is not a common phenomenon in the United States, where people are too busy.\r\n(Heymann, 2006) The Mexican People are too phantasmal which is a big contrast with the United States where people feel that they are in constraint; of their own life. A large number of people are Christian and they are usually committed to going to chu rch. When you walk in the Mexican rest homes it is easy for you to see the spiritual images. In America people stay a non-religious life thus an effect of religious intermingling that has made it difficult for the people to which religious practice to adopt.\r\nThus they resign from subscribing to any of the religious practice. The social stratification is not prevalent in the Mexican family as it is in the United States; people are seeking for money the Mexican people strive for titles. The professionals in Mexico prefer to be turn to with the titles that they deserve. This is as a result of the traditional fierceness given to the tittles within the family domain. The economic living standards in Mexico are slightly bum off than in the United State. There are many poor people in Mexico than in the United States.\r\nThe impact of these high levels of poverty in Mexico has necessitated the immigration of most Mexican families to the United States in search of better jobs and pa y of most illegal immigrants from Mexico have gotten their way into the United States through the Mexican borders. These immigrants have settled in cities such as Florida. Working in the United States gives them better pay. This aspect of brain drain is grievous the general development of the families in Mexico as most of the people move leaving behind other family members Basically the cost of living in Mexico is lower than that of the US particularly for agricultural produce.\r\nOther sectors such as transport and communication are in any case lower in Mexico than I n the United States. Other utilities as electricity are more expensive compared to the United State. Working families in the United States, observing how parents struggled to find a balance between caring for children and earning a decent income. When parents split and one of the parents went from Mexico to the United States and was no longer available to give the necessary vexation, families suffer. What significan tly exacerbates the problem is when the borders are so tight that they prevent families from reuniting.\r\nThis has been a common phenomenon when the immigrants are not given the opportunity by the America to even visit their families in back home in Mexico. (Poole M. et al, 1993) sphericization of the economy created increased pull for contributeers to accept lower comprehend standards, accept lower wages, longer hours, fewer benefits, and less stipendiary leave. both(prenominal)(prenominal) Nations likewise feel pressure from economic globalization not to implement family-friendly policies, such as paid leave for illness or when a child is sick, or paid parental leave.\r\nAnd that leaves functional families essay to balance work and their burster-giving duties. The globalization process has affected families in both Mexico and United States economy was transforming the relationship between work and care-giving in similar ways everywhere. Globalization has forcing both co untries to at a very high pace as far as labor standards and social policies are concerned therefrom leaving working parents with less and less time to raise their children. Parents’ work has shifted markedly around the ball and that goes for every region.\r\nThe child rearing process has been left in the hands of maids who offer supportive care while the parents are out-of-door working till late hours of the day. Men in particular have been moving away from one place to another in search of better jobs especially in various industries. Globalization has made men and women to work day and night and this has made them move away from their homes to go work in various places. A good example is that of outsourcing where people work in shifts where some work during the day and others at night.\r\nWomen, likewise, have moved into the paid labor force and away from the home. From the period between 1960 and 2000 the number of women in the labor force went from 26 to 38 percent in America. The percentage of women in the workplace has increased both in the United States and Mexico. This has adversely affected the family care services that were provided by the women while their men were working in various sectors. This is a result of shade which been brought about by the factors such as education, religion, work, urbanisation among others.\r\nThese factors have changed the various roles that were supposed to be kill by the family so as to prepare an individual to be a responsible member of the society. (Cecil, 1992) What has happened is that the world has seen women get better job opportunities which has assisted then them raise income to cater for their families. The increased number of single parent families has made it possible for the women to struggle to get money for rearing their families. While this is was going on there is also massive urbanization occurring all across the world.\r\nThat’s not necessarily a bad thing, as people who move fro m very poor rural areas to urban areas often get better jobs, and become less dependent on, for instance, a good rain to feed their families. (Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff, 2006).\r\nReferences\r\nHines D. A. , Morrison K. (2005) Family Violence in the United States: Defining, Understanding, and Combating. Sage Publisher. Heymann J. (2006) forget Families: Ending the Growing Crisis Confronting Children and Working Parents in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press\r\nPoole M. et al (1993) Family: Changing Families, Changing Times. Allen & Unwin publisher. Robinson, Cecil. (1992). No short journeys: The interplay of cultures in the history and books of the borderlands. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Rowntree L. , Lewis M. , Price M. and Wyckoff W. (2006). Diversity amid Globalization: arena Regions, Environment, Development. United States, Congress. House America’s (1992) Families: Conditions, Trends, Hopes, and Fears: Family policy. United States, Con gress, House publisher.\r\n'

'Reaction paper of the film Take the Lead Essay\r'

' scratch the lead is based on a unbent story, the movie tells us of the struggle of a spring coner, capital of South Dakota Dulain. It is the real story of a leaping nurtureer who believed in the talent of a gathering of problem kids. This film not only demonstrates us a fun and relaxation solely it overly gives us enjoyledge about modern saltation and model dancing. Not only that, the film gives us the morality as instructor. How relationship between get winder and student should be in tutor as tumesce as in their mortalal encounter. one and only(a) day In New York, the polite spring instructor capital of South Dakota Dulaine sees a black teen vandalizing the car of the coach of a public school and on the next day he volunteers to teach leaping to students to give respect, lordliness, self-confidence, trust and teamwork. The reluctant director Augustine James offers the troublemakers that ar in detention expecting Pierre to give-up of his intentions. Initially, the juvenile delinquents did not care about spring hall dancing, hardly after Pierre gives them a demonstration with his bakshis dance student Morgan, the kids grew interested into the idea of dance palace dancing.\r\nHe enters the kids in a city total dance competition and by the end of the day, succeeds in turning the delinquents into respectful and hearty-mannered, young ladies and gentlemen. Yes as a dance teacher Pierre Dulaine bring the children in a new state of life. He teaches them how to calculate a dance. There are so umpteen dances that they studied: Salsa, Waltz, Foxtrot, Quickstep, Cha Cha, Rumba, Samba, Wedding Dance, Viennese Waltz, danceTONE Warmup, Jive, Swing , Paso Doble, dance, Merengue, Bachata and early(a)(a) dance music genres!. He himself also learns to rate their model dance. In this great world comprise thousand of mass each of them arrive at distinction way to appreciate an art as well as made an art. An art work tycoon valuable to thi s psyche but reject by the other.\r\nThe importance is to understand, to appreciate, to enjoy an art as well as the one create it. We all know that treat a person like frappe and he will befit trash. When the school delinquent were treated like uncontrollable criminals, they chose to act as obnoxious and as ill-mannered as possible. simply when they were trusted and respected and shown the dignity of being creative, they well-read to reciprocate with the kindness and gentleness. charge the most disreputable and delinquent persons ordure diversify into productive and sightly members of society if we show them respect, give them value, appreciate their talents and teach them to contribute towards the discontinuement of themselves and other people close to them. Pierre Dulaine is an excellent warning of a instruct for character\r\ntransformation; go-as-you-please decent to accord flexibility, firm decent to need respect, patient enough to extend sympathy, talented enough to demand probity and human enough to charge with those who refuse to listen. For people trying to form determine and personhood, much can be learned from Dulaine’s approach †which essentially is to treat a person as a person, notwithstanding his faults and flaws. However, the film is infract watched with a farm adult because of the nonchalant effrontery demonstrated by the story’s puerile protagonists which might negatively influence young audiences. As a teacher Pierre Dulaine not only teach them how to dance but also help them to have a confidence in life. A teacher extend to what student is of necessity, a take a have responsibilities toward their children.\r\nLook for way how to give them an environment to rise their personality, their knowledge. rejoin hem an opportunity to express their problems and need. Give them an advisable that will help them develop their attitude. To became near(a) value of life. To guide them become good citizens, Christian, to built the healthy good relationship with the other. They should be the min parents to them. Pierre struggles against the prejudice and ignorance of the students, parents and other teachers, but wins his affair when the group accepts to compete in a dance hall dance contest. He teach with love and hope. What you lay you reap.\r\nPierre Dulaine: A renowned ballroom dance instructor who gets a job as a teacher for the delinquents in detention. A gentleman who treats everyone, in particular the ladies, with respect and to teach the delinquents about respect, manners and transaction with personal issues through dancing. Director:\r\nAntonio Banderas †Pierre Dulaine: A renowned ballroom dance instructor who gets a job as a teacher for the delinquents in detention. A gentleman who treats everyone, especially the ladies, with respect and to teach the delinquents about respect, manners and dealing with personal issues through dancing. Initially, the delinquents did not care about ballroom dancing, but after Pierre gives them a demonstration with his go on dance student Morgan, the kids grew interested into the idea of ballroom dancing. He enters the kids in a city liberal dance competition and by the end of the day, succeeds in turning the delinquents into respectful and well-mannered, young ladies and gentlemen. n a public school of lower middle tier neighborhood of New York, high school kids are having an organized party and Rock (Rob Brown) is refused admission. In a spit of rage, he wrecks the car of their school principal. bland and well-mannered ballroom dance instructor Pierre Dulaine (Antonio Banderas) witnesses this on his way home and decides he needs to help trouble kids like him.\r\nThe next morning, he finds his way to the principal’s schools and presents himself as a volunteer dance teacher for the school’s most notorious students. Day after day, he confronts the school â€Å"rejects” during their daily detention time and lightly infuses into them manners, teamwork, respect and self-confidence through the routines of Salsa, Waltz and Tango as he slowly transforms the delinquent students into ballroom champions. For a film that is supposedly based on a true to life story, the plot is replete of unbelievable twists and implausible scenes. The scripting is a bit shoal and fails to delve into the character’s motivations and emotions. Characters are overly caricaturish to be believable. The idea of the fusion of ballroom with roadway dancing could have been better developed and the resulting dances better choreographed.\r\nCinematography and editing are choppy and rough. The choreographies were not exciting enough and the camera angles fail to sustain the exquisiteness of close to dancers. Only the charm of ballroom and Banderas redeem the film from being a bore. Over-all, the movie entertains to some extent with its dance routines. Treat a person like trash and he will b ecome trash. When the school delinquent were treated like incorrigible criminals, they chose to act as obnoxious and as rude as possible. But when they were trusted and respected and shown the dignity of being creative, they learned to reciprocate with the kindness and gentleness. Even the most notorious and delinquent persons can metamorphose into productive and decent members of society if we show them respect, give them value, appreciate their talents and teach them to contribute towards the betterment of themselves and other people around them.\r\nPierre Dulaine is an excellent archetype of a mentor for character transformation; unconventional enough to allow flexibility, firm enough to command respect, patient enough to extend sympathy, talented enough to demand excellence and human enough to connect with those who refuse to listen. For people trying to form values and personhood, much can be learned from Dulaine’s approach †which basically is to treat a person as a person, notwithstanding his faults and flaws. However, the film is better watched with a mature adult because of the nonchalant rudeness demonstrated by the story’s teenage protagonists which might negatively influence young audiences.\r\n'

'How to Meet Service Users Needs Essay\r'

'In this report the secure users I am going to be focused on is dis subjectd the majuscule unwashed and how Ealing promotes diversity. The legislation that relates to disable quite a little is the Disability secernment Act 1995. This act drops it improper to discriminate against alter pack. This legislation is designed to: * catch confident(predicate) that wad who have a stultification get their medical needs * Makes sure that good providers glide path for disabled people by devising reasonable ad on the nosements * Ensure the rights of people with disabilities with regard to employment, access to genteelness, transport, housing, facilities and serve ups. This group of serve well users might be at risk of unlikeness because of their deterrent. For ex group Ale, an employer refuses to employ soulfulness heretofore though they ar suitable for the job, because they be in a wheelchair.\r\nThis is direct disability discrimination. A nonher example, they whitetho rn be a policy applies to completely individuals in a work place, puts those who sh atomic number 18 the same disability at a particular disadvantage when comp bed with those who f completely apart’t sh are it. This is indirect discrimination. distri just nowers must cut right and work with avail users without discriminating against them. A wellness and social worker is precise grievous in a disabled person’s life, and they play an important role because they rag sure that they are in safety at all times. (They may be some one that is partially deaf, so she needs her hearing tutelage to communicate with people. So a health and social worker leave behind probably show her how to put her hearing aid in effectively and solemnize them clean, or the health and social worker may do it for them) A health and social deal worker needs to attention them maintain their dignity so that they keep their self-respect.\r\nThe Disability Discrimination Act (1995) and The Disability Discrimination Act (2005) organisations to protect individuals from being discriminated against in employment, instruction and management activities. They as well as protect people from discrimination in facilities and services. In 2002, the Special Educational needs and Disability Act 2001 were introduced. This Act requires schools, colleges, universities, self-aggrandizing education providers and youth services to take the same locomote as other service providers in ensuring that they do non discriminate against disabled people and make reasonable adjustments to their services and premises. The Codes of Practice provide a clear guide to the standards of practice and conduct that all those who work in UK social reverence should meet.\r\n all(prenominal) social care worker should have a copy of the Codes. It is important that social care workers and their employers register how the Codes link with other care standards. The types of health care workers that remain firm this group are nurses, doctors, home care workers and support workers. These health care workers work in a hospital, or they come to your house and support you from your home. GSCC makes sure that service user’s rights are protected. In the GCSS Code of Conduct it says that Social Care workers must:\r\n* Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and carers (treating all(prenominal) person as an individual and supporting service users’ rights to control their lives)\r\n* Strive and establish and maintain the religious belief and confidence of service users and carers (being honest and trustworthy, and communicating in a appropriate, accurate and straightforward way)\r\n* Promote the independency of service users white protecting them as far-off as possible from danger or stultification (promoting the independence of service users and assisting them to understand and exercise their rights)\r\n* keep the rights of service users whilst seekin g to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people (Taking necessary steps to minimise the risks of service users from doing actual or potential harm to themselves or other people)\r\n* Be accountable for the equality of their work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills.\r\nEaling promotes diversity. For example, they have provided ramps at the back off of all Ealing buses for people with wheelchairs so they are able to get on. This would make them flavor like they are just as important as someone that ignore walk, as they are just important. Also, a Freedom Pass is provided by Ealing borough to give aged(a) and disabled people free get going on almost all ordinary transport in London. Ealing is too giving three disabled people the chance to make their voices heard at this tumble’s political party conferences.\r\nThey are ordain to pay for a conference pass and travel costs for one disabled campaigner at each of the Liberal Democrat, Labour and Conservative conferences. A pass and travel for a carer drive out also be arranged if extra support would help them to attend the conference. I come back this is very good because it shows that the community cares about what disabled people think as well, in result I feel that disabled people ordain feel very happy & important. at that place is also The leaveow tree Tree PlusBus service which offers dedicated journeys, mostly for shop and leisure purposes, from the Islip Manor area. There’s The PlusBus service that is available for disabled people who cannot use public transport.\r\nEaling also has a couple of mean solar daylight centres for disabled people. Like for example, Carlton Road Centre is a council-run day service for adults with learning disabilities. The service provides support to adult’s learning disabilities. The centre provides art, games, independent living(a) skills, health promotion, a sensory room, community base projects, speech and language therapy, physiotherapy and music therapy. The service is provided to promote and support people to become more(prenominal) independent and access their community through community-based projects. There is also The Michael Flanders Centre. This is a day care for residents everyplace the age of 65 with physical disabilities or sensory impairment .\r\nThe centre’s aim is to change older people with physical disabilities to live as independently as possible in their community. These day centres promote diversity because they are providing centres for disabled people that have disabilities. I think the disabled people that attend these day centres feel equal & accepted because it shows that Ealing cares about them & if they didn’t they wouldn’t have day centres available. Also, it’s a great way for disabled people to make friends because on that point’s going to be people at that place th at are just like them & they can relate to what they go through in life.\r\nI think that if these services were not in place, there would be no diversity in Ealing whatsoever. I think that disabled people in Ealing will feel like their individual rights have not been met. If there were no ramps on buses, then disabled people will feel like they’re not being respected and that they’re not able to use preferred methods to travel. This will make them feel useless. They may be disabled but they have places to attend and people to see just like everyone else. I think that these services are all good.\r\nHowever, it’s hard for people that are in crutches or wheelchairs to walk up and subject the stairs in a tube station. So if a person that was unable to walk, and they had no one there to support them I think they will feel like the individual rights have not been met (to be treated equally and not be discriminate and to be respected) So to improve the service I would suggest for them to install stair lifts. A stair lift is a motorized vest that runs up and down a stairway on a track / rail. Stair lifts are also known as ‘stair elevators’, ‘inclinators’ ‘stair chairs’, ‘staircase lifts’. Or they could get Stair ascenters. These are operated by an assistant or carer and are designed to climb up and down a flight of stairs. They are not attached to the staircase so they can be transported and used on different staircases.\r\n'

'Identity in the Novel Deadly Unna\r'

'How does Blacky’s identicalness swop with the death of Dumby reddish? The novel pernicious Unna by Phillip Gwyne, addresses many issues including racialism and identity. This book provides the prospect to look at how friendship can change the way nation view themselves and others throughout. Deadly Unna the of import character, Blacky confronts issues such as racism, accommodateity and identity as crash of growing up as a teenager in the port. Before Blacky became friends with Dumby, he went on with the crowd and conformed to the way the rest of the Port operated.Blacky is pictured as a boy who doesn’t manage to get in peoples way. He has different views roughly the Aborigines’, than the people in the port, but feels as if he has to conform to the way everyone else thinks to fit in. When Blacky and Dumby meet for the offshoot sentence he automatic ally labels him as a ‘Nunga’ and jumps straight to conclusions about him because that is the way he has been brought up. His pascal calls him a ‘gutless wonder which doesn’t authentically help his confidence and courage to stand up for what he believes in.However when Blacky gets to know Dumby, he is drawn to how positive and sure he is of himself. Blacky is jealous at commencement of how confident Dumby is and his ‘killer smile’. The people in the port have many racist beliefs toward Aborigines’. as yet though Dumby was the best player, Arks still put track Arks at the top of the team listing. ‘Top of the list was Mark Arks. The next name down was Dumby Red’s. ’ Most rumors come from the front pub. They are stories people have of what they think Aboriginals are uniform (e. g. the slur sign full of bullet holes).The Aboriginals get tempered unjustly in the community and the only time they are represented is when everyone comes together for the footy matches. When Dumby saves Blacky from the Thumper, Blacky in reality starts to equivalent Dumby, but he doesn’t show it because he thinks he has to conform to what everyone else thinks ‘So I halt hating Dumby’s guts. Except I still acted like I did. I was used to it, I suppose. It was easier to nonplus like that. ’ Blacky and Dumby become friends, and Blacky realizes the divide between the races is worse than what he originally thought.After Dumby dies Blacky decides to take put through. He is supply up with the injustice in the town. He becomes confident enough about his identity not to conform and starts to stand up for what is right. An example of this is when he gathers all his siblings and goes to the bridge to get rid of the ‘BOONGS PISS come to’ graffiti. This is a powerful moment in the level because it shows how Blacky is finally opening up and taking action on something he believes is wrong. He stops conformist to every ones’ views and attends Dumby’s funeral against w hat his father says.He realises what the Point is really like and that the Aboriginals are really nice frequent people. Blacky wants to do something about the towns racist views, and feels uncomfortable to be part of it. By the end of the novel Blacky has face very real problems such as conformity, racism and identity and has overcome major obstacles as part of growing up. Blacky becomes more confident and sure of who he is. Dumby changed his way of thinking, but Blacky took the action and started to believe in himself and have the courage fight for his beliefs.\r\n'

'Dentist: Dentistry and Dental School\r'

'Dentists there be many different careers let out there. dental practitivirtuosorry is a career that requires to a greater extent training than others. in that respect is a wide variety of different specialties that unrivalled great deal do in dentistry, but the bulk of dentists are general practitioners. On average, general dentists in South Carolina make about $137,400 a social class (Dentists). In order to grow a dentist in South Carolina, you are required to tweak and attain a dentistry license. Dentists must(prenominal) be adequate to do different tasks throughout the daytime and train with many people.To become a dentist, one must attend dental instruct which usually seize ons four years beyond undergraduate college. You whitethorn graduate with a degree as a doctor of dental surgery or a doctor of dental medicine. The admittance requirements for dental school vary based on each school. any(prenominal) of the more common requirements include: at least three o r four years of college and at least a GPA of 3. 5 (Dental Schools be by GPA). It is not mandatory to hasten a Bachelor of Science degree, however, it is encouraged.Some dental schools require you to take certain science classes such as, chemistry (organic, inorganic and biochemistry), mathematics, physics, biological science, and psychology. Before you apply to a dental school, you must pass the Dental Admission Test. The DAT measures your scientific knowledge, reading comprehension, and reasoning skills. After graduating from dental school, you bugger off the option of enduringness training. Specialty training is offered at many schools and normally takes about dickens more years beyond dental school. About fourth part to one-third of new graduates enroll in graduate student training programs to prepare for a dental specialty” (Henderson). Some dental school graduates start out working as associates for established dentists. They usually work for them for about a yea r or two while gaining cognise. Others purchase or open up a practice immediately after graduation. galore(postnominal) aspiring dentists also take on additional experience by working in clinics affiliated with the school. other way dental school students may receive experience would be through internship.While interning for a practice, they are up to(p) to get used to the physical demands and casual tasks of a dentist. Dentists should be trained to offer a wide variety of professional services. They should be up to(p) to aid gum inflammation, tooth decay, chipped, infected or baffled teeth. It is important for a dentist to be able to stand and keep their hand steady for a long period of time. They must â€Å"develop a accommodate touch” for the comfort of their patient (Field). This gentle touch will also help them when they have to perform root canals, remove teeth, or restorative surgery on the gums.They should also be able to determine the difference between shad es of illusion and brightness. Dentists are exposed to diseases and infections carried by patients on a daily basis. For this reason, it is important for them to wear protective huckster when working. I researched this career because I hope to become a Pediatric Dentist someday. I intent on going to college and majoring in psychology and biology and then going to dental school. My uncle is a dentist and has inspired me to become one. He is very no-hit and loves his job. Hopefully one day I can become successful and love my job upright like my uncle.\r\n'

'Night of Scorpion Essay\r'

'Night of the scorpion written by Nissim Ezkiel is an interesting metrical composition and the poet brings about a genuinely appealing contrast between soundly and perversive in it; altogether giving the poem an meaning of equality. The poet makes it a trouble-free task for the readers to visualize the scenes with the let use of various imageries. He has overly do a marvelous work of adding various una maintenance senses into the poem.\r\nAll the senses, visual, smell, internal feelings and sound have been included. In this poem we discount take to the scenes vividly with the serve of lines identical,” …to crawl beneath a fire of rice,” and,” Peasants came like swarm of flies. Nissim Ezekiel is able to keep are brainpower alive and engaged the entire duration of the poem with the help of lines like,” Peasants came like swarm of flies. ”\r\nWhen we read this line, we greet that it is a simile and it help us to see how the peasants c ame along. But when think deeper we realize that it also shows us that the narrator does non admire the kind of care that the villagers are showing, he safe wants them to leave him and his family alone. The grounds the villagers are compared to flies is to show exactly how maddening they are and that they are not welcome, just like flies.\r\nThe poet has do this poem complex, which is always a good thing. This can be proved because to describe the scorpion he uses words like â€Å"diabolical” and â€Å"The Evil integrity” which show it as a demonic creature. On the other hand he also utilize lines like,â€Å" driven him to crawl beneath a sack of rice” and â€Å"… risked the rain again,” which brings about a contradiction as this line shows that the scorpion is not at solely(a) the villain, it is simply scared. Among the many foretells of speech used in this poem onomatopoeia is one of them.\r\nHe has used this figure of speech efficiently , enabling us to hear the continuous noises that were make. The poet write that the villagers â€Å"buzzed the name of divinity fudge” which again stresses on the point that the noise and commotion being made by the villagers was not at all welcome. The poet further draws the interest of the reader by exploitation a figure of speech to convey this message and not doing it directly. He has also written â€Å"They clicked their tongues,” which is another represent of onomatopoeia. The element of smell is brought about because the poet has introduced candles and burning cover in lanterns in his poem as well.\r\nNissim Ezekiel has made the mother’s experience of getting bitten by the scorpion sound excruciating and eternal. He has conveyed this by using some actually descriptive writing, example, â€Å"May the acerbate purify your flesh of desire, and your spirit of ambition,” Nissim Ezekiel successfully create the tense atmosphere by using just a sh ort sentence,â€Å" My father, sceptic, rationalist, trying every agony and blessing,” There is also an instance in which the poet uses alliteration,â€Å" I watched the flame feeding on my mother.\r\nThis line has also been able to build up the complex temperament of the poem because of its dual meaning. We can simply imagine that the ‘flame’ refers to flame of the paraffin or we can also say that ‘flame’ refers to the scorpion’s poison. The poem ends sanguinely, with the mother surviving and being thankful to god for making her suffer and not her children. After all the tense moments of pain, suffering, torture and fear, the poem has a very touching and warm ending which proves the mother’s love for her children.\r\n'

'Prevalence of Escherichia Coli on Money\r'

'PREVALENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON Filipi noPESO BILL WITHIN THE VICINITY OF ILOILO metropolis 2012-2013 A Research piece Presented to The Faculty College of medical checkup research lab skill section exchange Filipino University Iloilo City In Partial Fulfillment of the unavoidableness for the Research 1 JUSTINE gracility G. JIMENEA ISAAC JAMES T. LEDESMA genus Maia HANNAH LOU L. LOJA ROBERTO R. MANALO JR. JIRAH L. PEDROSA MARCH 2013 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION undercoat of the line of business A classic characteristic of human being parasitic and bacteriuml agents is the evolution of routes for contagion pathogens to sensitive master of ceremoniess.The environment plays a critical billet in transmitting to humans, with many a(prenominal) environmental corporals serving as vehicles. microbial contaminants whitethorn be transmittable directly, finished gain-to- attain striking, or indirectly, via fodder or both(prenominal) mildewer(a) dyspneic objects like f omites. (Rote, et al. , 2010) According to Umeh, et al (2007), pollution of objects by infective micro existence is much a frequent wellness concern as grime materials stooge be seeded players of transmitting pathogens. Items that pass from croak to hand atomic number 18 seeming to be dirty with malady cavictimization microorganisms special(a)ly if pass overd with un house alter custody or kept in dirty surroundings.Ahmed, et al (2010) pointed out that news written report nib of off the beaten track(predicate)gon stickers is widely transfer for fairs and ser viciousnesss in al round(prenominal) countries worldwide. write up currencies ar widely social occasion and each cash is interchange many times during the time it circulates. If just about of these theme coin be bemire with infectious bacterium, at that place is a electromotive force to afford these microorganism. Pope, et al (2002) mentioned, since bacterium, puddle been shown to rotate from someone to person via tactile sensation with fomites composing capital, at that placefore, presents a limited peril of macrocosm wellness.Paper currentness is rulerly and routinely passed among individuals. Thus bacterium could be administer on the rise up of theme property. Paper capital, as asserted by Oyero, et al (2007) bottom be spoild by droplets during spit outing, sneezing, touching with anteriorly contaminate hands or opposite materials and location on dirty dig up. Paper coin is usually handled by various categories of flock during transaction. The possibility that makeup bullion powerfulness act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of authorisation morbific microorganisms was suggested in 1970s.Various pathogens cogitate with throat transmittance, pneumonia, tonsillitis, peptic ulcers, urino-genital tract contagion, gastro put downitis and lung abscess had been in represent. (Pope, et al. , 2002) The specie which whitethorn propose grime during yield, retentiveness, after(prenominal) production and during subroutine atomic number 18 al slip port in circulation. many question on up-to-dateness in several(prenominal) countries indicated bacteriuml taint. A ponder in Bangladesh inform thatEscherichia coli (58%),Klebsiella(50%), staphylo coccus aureus(25%), Salmonella (15%), atomic number 5 (9%), genus Pseudomonas (7%) and Vibrio epidemic cholera (5%) were recovered from Bangladesh Paper Currency Notes (Taka). Ahmed, et al,. 2010) In some new(prenominal) take apart carried out in Nigeria, the bacteria stranded E. coli (80%), Aerobacter (59%), Salmonella (40. 9%), yeast carrells (36. 4%), strep faecalis(31. 8%), Staphylococcus aureus( 27. 3%) and the coagulase prejudicious staph (18. 2%). (Umeh, et al. , 2007) A like excogitate was as head conducted in Nepal and report thatStaphylococcusaureus, S. Epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salm onella choleraesius, E. coli, Enterobacteraerogenesand cloaceaewere separate from composing bills of Nepal. (Lamichhane, et al. 2009) In other study in India, one C% of the notes nones of Indian upee were contaminated with bacteria. generally three species including E. coli, Proteus spp. And Staphylococcus aureuswere disjunct. (Bhat, et al. , 2010) In a nonher study in India, currency s shellcast Ales of various denominations from distinguishable occupational groups were evaluated for isolation of microbial contaminants and Staphylococcus aureu, E. coli, atomic number 5 spp. , Klebsiella spp. , Proteus mirablisand fungus like Aspergillusnigerand Fusariumwere specify from these opus currency nones. (Rote, et al. 2010) Although, a lot of studies on the microbiological status of writing currency render been carried out elsewhere, data on the microbial contaminant of the peso ( Filipino currency) is s footty. In nightspot to know the preponderance of Escherichia col i on Philippine peso bill within the neck of the woods of Iloilo City in the year 2012-2013, this study is to be conducted. General Objectives What is the prevalence put of E. coli defilement on the Philippine peso bill of world public utility company Jeepney (PUJ)? Specific Objectives 1. ) What is the prevalence roam of E. coli contamination on the 20 peso bill? . ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli contamination on the 50 peso bill? 3. ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli contamination on the 100 peso bill? Research Paradigm Independent variableDependent variable topical anestheticisation of function: domain receipts Jeepney (PUJ) take to be:20 PHP50 PHP100 PHP| Prevalence rate of Escherichia coli contamination| Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the essay Definition of Terms To provide clarity and understanding, the fol brokeners terms were defined conceptually and operationally. bacteria- atomic number 18 minute, unicellular organisms that re suffer by binary f ission.They be considered prokaryotes imputable to the absence of nu make headway membrane. They possess both desoxyribonucleic acid and RNA. They sensitive to penicillins, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. (M literaleta, revue of Microbiology) In the study, the bacteria is the E. coli to be identify. Escherichia coli- or E. coli is a bacterium that is comm precisely effectuate in the gut of humans and other warm- ocell employ animals. While most attains ar pure, some gutter take in loathsome viandsborne affection. E. coli  contagious disease is usually transmitted by means of consumption of contaminated piddle supply or feed, such as undercooked spunk products and crank milk.Symptoms of disease include abdominal cramps and diarrhoea, which may be bloody. Fever and vomiting may in like manner exceed. almost patients recover within 10 days, although in a few cases the disease may be observe purport-threatening. (WHO, 2012) As employ in this study,E. coli is the undefended of the study and it is disjointed in the aerofoils different peso bill. defilement-The act or passage of contaminating; pollution; defilement; smirch; excessively, that which contaminates. (http://www. merriam-webster. com/) In this study, contamination refers how spunky or low E. oli bacteria level is set in motion on the get hold of the peso bill. Denomination-a value or size of a series of set or sizes. (http://www. merriam-webster. com/) As utilise in thisstudy, 20, 50, 100 are utilise as denomination. Paper bill- ( lots known as a bill,  make-up cash or simply a  none) is a casing ofnegotiable instrument known as a promissory note, made by a bank, account payable to the bearer on demand. (http://en. wikipedia. org) In this study, topic bill was streamleted for the st sore man or absence of E. coli. Philippine peso- is the currency of the Philippines.The peso is usually denoted by the sign â€Å"? â€Å". Other way s of writing the Philippine peso sign are â€Å"PHP”, â€Å"PhP”, â€Å"Php”, and/or â€Å"P”. (http://www. wikipedia. org/) As used in this study, Philippine peso paper bill was tested for the st raw(a) man of E. coli. Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ)- are the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines. (http://www. wikipedia. org/) In this study, this is the location of the Philippine peso billwhere the E. coli is to be isolated. Signifi brush asidece of the Study The issue of the study allow benefit the by-line:De start upment of wellness. May provide information on how to mightily handle and care for funds to prevent the guess of Escherichia coli contamination from hand-to-hand communication. The medical examination Researchers. They may use this study as reference for prospective studies especially in the prevention of the deadly disease bewilderd by Escherichia coli on the circulating specie. Commercial Banks. They may confine an idea that Escherichia coli pile inhabit the paper bill and cause such disease. Hence, they leave alone come up bacteria-free money. Jeepney Drivers.May function them in protecting their selves from being the messenger of contaminated money from one person to another. The public. The return will provide information and awareness around money contaminated by Escherichia coli circulates, and find ways in preventing disease and reduce mortality. Future researcher. The endpoint of the study may also be used by other future researcher as a reference or basis for future researcher or investigation. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study aims to finalize the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination on Philippine peso bill within the vicinity of Iloilo City.A total of 45 paper currency of denominations, cardinal paper currencies of each: 20 PhP, 50 PhP and 100 PhP in circulation were randomly lay in in 15 jeepneys at different times. Coins were excluded fr om the study. Paper currencies were ga on that pointd from Jaro-CPU Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) from CPU to Iloilo City route and vice versa. This study is conducted during the month of March until May in the year 2013. Persons treatment the bill were asked to deposit them in aseptic polyethylene bags, cockeyed and taken to the medical Laboratory Science Research Laboratory of important Philippine University, for anal retentiveysis. CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter deals with the link up literary productions and studies relevant to the study of Escherichia coli contamination on paper money bills. coin in the form of notes or coins is handled by everyone, and ‘dirty money (money contaminated with un healthful microorganisms) is ceaselessly in circulation. befoulment may pass off during production, during storage after production, and during use. Microorganisms on the skin lowlife be transferred from cashiers, sales mess and the general public to the currency notes that they handle. contaminant from the anal region, wounds, nasal secretions and aerosols enerated by sneezing and coughing are potential sources of transfer of microorganisms to currency notes during handling. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiellaaerogenes  restrain been reported to wear well on the skin,and are known to be transferred from fabrics to hand as well as from hand to fabrics. (Tswana, 2000) Items that are passed from hand to hand are likely to be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria exceptionally if carried with un authorise hands, or kept in a dirty environment. Similarly, paper currency is widely exchange for goods and services in countries worldwide.Currency contamination with pathogenic bacteria is of much public health concern as contaminated materials can be sources of serious pathogens. Paper currency, thence presents a particular risk to public health, since they go in circulation and contaminate the hands of others transmitting pathogenic organisms in the process. (Uneke&Ogbu, 2007) Pathogenic bacteria that may die hard on the currency banknotes may serve as a potential source of enteropathogens causing victuals intoxication because diet vendors handle and serve food for thought and at the same time handle currency banknotes as they sell. Cardoenet al. , 2009; Lamichhaneet al. , 2009) The incidence of food poisoning is on the augment worldwide, although it is estimated that only 10% of cases are reported †still the tip of the iceberg. Money bill play a major billet in transmission of pathogenic bacteria. some(a) mathematical models have been developed to divine service understand the movements of currency and how this might contri exactlye to the planetary blossom of disease. One of the main sources of pathogenic or food-poisoning bacteria is populate. People vulgarly carry these bacteria in their nose, mouth, wounds and intestines, and on their skin.There are several reports of the situation of microorganisms, in particular bacteria, on cash †banknotes and coins. A study in the US showed that only 6% of banknotes tested were free from microbial contamination. Dirty money Modern banknotes are made from a special blend of 75% cotton and 25% linen with petite segments of fibre, so ‘paper’ money is something of a misnomer. The ‘paper’ is referred to as the substrate during the manufacturing process; this is an usurp name as bacteria require a substrate for growth.The cotton/linen/fibre combinations of banknotes realize a strong bond and do not pull apart, unlike the fibres of ordinary paper. The unclouded life span of a low denomination paper banknote is about 24 months. In the proto(prenominal) 1980s, an American Bank developed polyethylene fibres for use as currency and they are still in use in some Central American countries. Non-fibrous, non-porous, polymer banknotes, developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, were commencement issued as currency in 1988. The banknotes were made from biaxially orientated polypropylene that made them to a wideer extent durable, with security features that rendered them difficult to counterfeit. Aidoo, 2011) Various routes are known that lead to the contamination of paper bill. Handling of it moments in the transfer of bacteria from money onto hands or from hands onto money. Individuals who cough or sneeze into their hands can easy transfer bacteria onto currency when they handle it. Viruses may also be transmitted when infected community touch surfaces, such as banknotes, that are whencece touched by others. In the hospitality and supply industry, it is unacceptable for staff to use one hand to handle food and the other to handle money. aliment, every cooked or uncooked, may contain bacteria which can be transferred either directly or indirectly through a medium such as a work surface onto currency. This may oc cur particularly with street food, mobile food vendors and in retail outlets at the counter. Obviously, the transfer of pathogenic bacteria to food that is ready to be eaten and that requires no raise heat treatment could have serious consequences. Should money be handled between hand washing and food handling, indeed it is equally outstanding to repeat the process of hand washing originally handling big food.Wallets, purses, cash registers and other ‘closed’ environments are tri preciselyary for microbial growth because they create warm and wet conditions. Transfer of micro-organisms from one banknote to another in such closed environments may also be earthy. (Aidoo, 2011) Money on which pathogenic microorganisms might survive represents an often overlooked reservoir for enteral disease (Michaels, 2002). In most part of the developed world, there is a popular belief that the simultaneous handling of food and money contri entirelyes to the incidence of food-re lated public health incidents (Food Science Australia [FSA], 2000).It goes without saying that bacteria are over in the environment and most of these microbes are harmless to humans. Should germs on money worry us? Surprisingly, studies of bacteria on money are scarce. In 1972 a study in the Journal of the American medical checkup Association studied bacteria from 200 coins and bills and make harmful germs like fecal bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus on 13 share of coins and 42 share of notes. The study concluded: â€Å"Money is truly dirty. ” (http://christophreilly. hubpages. com/) Micro-organisms plebeianly associated with banknotes include Staphylococcus aureus, ? haemolytic strep, Enterobacter spp. , Acinetobacter spp. , Pseudomonas spp. , Bacillusspp. , Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. , viruses, yeasts and moulds. Some of these bacteria are pathogenic, art object others may cause timeserving infections. The predominant, recurrent pathogenic bacteria piece on banknotes are S. aureus, Bacillus spp. and Escherichia spp. Many members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are appoint in the gut of animals and humans, and their presence in food or on inanimate objects and surfaces is a good indicator of brusque hygiene.Members of the genera Enterobacter, Escherichia and Klebsiella isolated from banknotes may not themselves cause serious unhealthiness; however, their isolation from money may indicate the presence of other pathogenic organisms. Escherichia coliis an important member of the faecal coliform group and its presence on banknotes is of public health concern, especially as some strains can of trail cause serious illness. Species of the one thousand-negative genus Pseudomonas, which can cause serious opportunist infections, have also been isolated from banknotes.S. aureus is the predominant bacterium present on the surface of banknotes and it is also a common cause of food poisoning. This organism is indicative of poor standards of h ygiene particularly during food handling and/or preparation. Many people in the adult population carry S. aureus on their skin, in their nasal cavity, and in septic cuts, boils and spots. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is quickly isolated from banknotes and the toxins it pisss may cause toxic knock down syndrome. It has also been implicated in pneumonia.Streptococci are part of the normal microflora in the mouth, skin, intestine and upper respiratory tract of humans. Although many streptococcal species are non-pathogenic, some have been implicated in meningitis and pneumonia. Bacillus spp. are spore- occasions and can withstand harsh, adverse conditions, such as drying. Some species, for example Bacillus cereus, cause both eccentric persons of food poisoning: diarrhoeal (heat-labile toxin) and emetic (heat-stable toxin). (Aidoo, 2011) The surface of ‘paper’ banknotes is not smooth, besides irregular, and can lactate many different types of microorganisms.The two ma in factors that doctor the occurrence of bacteria on currency are (i) the material that the banknotes are made from and (ii) the age of the banknote. Bacteria have enormous capabilities to allow them to survive in adverse conditions. Two of the most important strategies for endurance are their ability to adhere to surfaces and the ability to form biofilms (multicellular aggregates). Members of some genera, such as Bacillus, may form spores and can survive attached to banknotes for many years. organization of a biofilm or a spore is controlled by heritable activity of the bacterium.Bacterial cells on banknotes are mea confident(predicate)d by the number of colony-forming units (c. f. u. ) per cm2 of banknote. A banknote may contain up to 106c. f. u. cmâ€2, whilst a coin may have up to 103c. f. u. cmâ€2. Studies have shown that polymer-based banknotes often have a relatively low bacterial count compared with the cotton-based ‘paper’ banknotes. This may be repaya ble to various physicochemical parameters of polymers. For example, a negatively charged and hydrophilic synthetic polymer would adversely affect bacterial attachment. (Vriesekoop et. al. , 2010) Escherichia coli, also known as E. oli is a Gram-negative, rodlike bacterium that is commonly undercoat in the decline intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some types can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally trustworthy for food contamination. (CDC National Center for Emerging and zoonotic infective Diseases, 2012) The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their waiters by producing vitamin K2, and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine. (Hudault et al. , 2001).Fecalâ€oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited centre of time, which makes them ideal indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. There is, however, a growing body of research that has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for across-the-board periods outside of the host. (Ishii &Sadowsky, 2008) Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is the most prevalent infecting organism in the family of gram-negative bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae.E. coli is often referred to as the best or most-studied nonparasitic organism. More than 700 serotypes of E. coli have been identified. The â€Å"O” and â€Å"H” antigens on the bacteria and their flagella distinguish the different serotypes. Indeed, some E. coli are beneficial, while some cause infections other than gastrointestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections. The E. coli that are responsible for the numerous reports of contaminated foods and beverages are those that produce Shiga toxin, so called because the toxin is virtually identical to that produced by Shigelladysenteria type 1. Eisenstein et al, 2000) Strains of E. coli that causes diarrhea in man • Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) †causes diarrhea, but the molecular(a) mechanisms of colonization and aetiology are different. EPEC lack fimbriae, ST and LT toxins, but they use an adhesin known as intimin to bind host intestinal cells. This virotype has an array of virulence factors that are similar to those found in Shigella, and may possess a shiga toxin. Adherence to the intestinal mucosa causes a rearrangement of actin in the host cell, causing momentous deformation. EPEC cells are reasonably invasive (i. . they enter host cells) and elicit an subversive response. A change in intestinal cell ultrastructure due to â€Å"attachment and effacement” is likely the autochthonic cause of diarrhea in those afflicted with EPEC. (University of Wisconsinâ€capital of Wisconsin division of Bacteriology, 2007) • Enteroto xigenic E. coli (ETEC) †Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, or ETEC, is the name given to a group of E. coli that produce special toxins which stimulate the line drive of the intestines causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thus producing diarrhea. (cdc. gov, 2004) • Enteroinvasive E. oli (EIEC) †this infection causes a syndrome that is identical to Shigellosis, with profuse diarrhea and high fever. EIEC are highly invasive, and they utilize adhesin proteins to bind to and enter intestinal cells. They produce no toxins, but in earnest damage the intestinal wall through robotlike cell destruction. ( local area network et al, 2004). • Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) †is a subgroup of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) that during the past ecstasy has received increasing attention as a cause of irrigatey diarrhea, which is often persistent. EAEC have been isolated from children and adults worldwide.As well as sporadic cases, outbreaks of EAEC-caused diarrhea have been described. (sgmjournals. org, 2003) • Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) †may cause disease in immunologically naive or malnourished children. Discrepancies among epidemiological studies could be explained by age-dependent susceptibility to diarrhea or by the use of an inappropriate detection system such as DNA probing. The current prospective case-control study was done to determine the role of DAEC strains as a cause of acute diarrhea in northeastern Brazil, where childhood diarrhea is endemic. ( M. M. Levine. 1990) • Shiga toxin-producing E. oli (STEC) †Some strains of E. coli produce a toxin called Shiga toxin that causes diarrhea and can lead to severe illness. These Shiga toxin-producing E. coli are sometimes called STEC (pronounced â€Å"S-TECK). STEC can be spread from cattle and other animals to people through raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk, or through contact with an infected animal. People can also get infected by consuming contaminated water, raw produce or unpasteurized juice or cider. Foods can become contaminated with bacteria from mud in the field or from raw bang or raw beef juices in the kitchen.People with STEC who do not wash hands well after a bowel movement can spread it to others. (kingcounty. gov, 2005) The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged around 102 million years ago, which coincides with the divergence of their hosts: the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles. This was followed by a split of the escherichian ancestor into tailfin species (E. albertii, E. coli, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii and E. vulneris. ) The last E. coli ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago. ( Lecointre et al. 2007) In 1885, a German pediatrician, Theodor Escherich, first discovered this species isolated from the potty of newborns and called it Bacterium coli commune due to the fact it is found in the colon and early classifications of Prokaryotes set these in a handful of genera based on their exercise and motility (at that time Ernst Haeckels classification of Bacteria in the kingdom Monera was in place). Bacterium coli was the type species of the now invalid genus Bacterium when it was revealed that the former type species (â€Å"Bacterium triloculare”) was missing.Following a revision of Bacteria it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus Escherichia, named after its original discoverer. ( Castellani and Chalmers, 2009) The genus belongs in a group of bacteria informally known as â€Å"coliforms”, and is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family (â€Å"the enterics”) of the Gammaproteobacteria. (Garrity, 2005) Escherichia coli breed an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both inherited and phenotypic diversity. Genome sequencing of a large number of isolates of E. oli and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassif ication would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its medical importance and E. coli remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genome is common to all strains. (Lukjancenko et. al. , 2010) In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) should be classified as E. coli strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of E. coli (e. g. he K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. (Lan; Reeves, 2002) A strain is a sub-group within the species that has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other strains. These differences are often detectable only at the molecular level; however, they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacterium. For example, a strain may gain pathogenic capacity, the ability to use a unique nose candy sourc e, the ability to take upon a particularecological niche or the ability to resist antimicrobial agents. Different strains of E. oli are often host-specific, making it possible to determine the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples. For example, crafty which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human, another mammal or a bird. (Feng et. al. , 2002) The bacteria normally adhere to the mucus or the epithelial tissue on the wall of the intestines, and a single strain can last for months or years. E. coli is one of the most studied and best understood organism, but the organisms role and how it colonizes isnt very well understood.Freters Nutrient-Niche theory best describes E. colis role: The ecological functions of E. coli depend on the nutrient approachability within the intestines of the host organism. Since there are so many different nutrients that can be found withi n the intestines, it is said that they contain a balance ecosystem because there are so many different nutrient-defined functions where the E. coli colonize. This is dependent on the preferred nutrient for that particular population occupying the niche. E. coli can also be found outside of the body in faecally-contaminated environments such as water or mud. (bioweb. wlax. edu, 2008) The optimal growth of E. coli occurs at 37 degrees Celsius but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures of up to 49 degrees C. harvesting can be driven by aerobiotic or anaerobic respiration. (answers. ask. com, 2010) As E. coli is part of the common micro? ora in the large intestine, it is accustomed to a pH of 7-8. As glucose is mantled in the small intestine, the E. coli would be used to low concentrations. However, as glucose is its capacity source, if excess glucose were available for consumption, it would be expected that the E. coli would engage it and grow at a faster rate.Salt (NaCl) is absorbed in the colon, so the amount of salt that the E. coli is open to depends on how much salt is consumed by the host organism. However, because of the mechanism of osmosis, extremely high levels as well as complete absence of salt could be lethal to E. coli bacteria. (APUA, 2007 How Antibiotics Work †the Mechanism of Action , federation for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics,) You get an E. coli infection by coming into contact with the feces of humans or animals. This can happen when you drink water or eat food that has been contaminated by feces. healthwise, 2011) E. coli infection can cause human illness when E. coli is ingested through various modes of transmission, including through food and water sources, animal-to-human contact, and one-on-one contact. (Clark, 2012) And fit to the (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) CDC, the transmission of these bacteria to humans may occur in the interest manner: •Meat, such as beef from cows, may become contaminated when organisms are accidently mixed in with beef, especially when it is ground. Meat contaminated with E. coli does not looking and looks normal.It is important to thoroughly cook the beef. •Infection may occur after limpid in or drinking water that has been contaminated with E. coli. •Person-to-person contact in families and in child-care and other institutional-care centers are also places where the transmission of the bacteria can occur. However, the CDC also indicates the way E. coli is transmitted may change over time. (medicalcenter. osu. edu, 2006) To help avoid food poisoning and prevent infection, handle food safely. Cook meat well, wash fruits and vegetables before eating or cooking them, and avoid unpasteurized milk and juices.You can also get the infection by swallowing water in a swimming pool contaminated with human waste. (nlm. nih. gov, 2012) Pathogenic Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is believed to mostly live in the intestines of cattle. C ertain serotypes of E. coli have also been found in the intestines of chickens, sheep, and pigs. (Clark, 2012) E. coli in food E. coli can get into meat during processing. If the infected meat is not cooked to 160°F (71°C), the bacteria can survive and infect you when you eat the meat. This is the most common way people become infected with E. coli.Any food that has been in contact with raw meat can also become infected. Other foods that can be infected with E. coli include: Raw milk or dairy products. Bacteria can spread from a cows udders to its milk. Check the labels on dairy products to make sure they contain the word â€Å"pasteurized. ” This means the food has been heated up to destroy bacteria. Raw fruits and vegetables, such as lettuce, lucerne sprouts, or unpasteurized apple cider or other unpasteurized juices that have come in contact with infected animal feces. E. coli in water Human or animal feces infected with E. oli sometimes get into lakes, pools, and wa ter supplies. People can become infected when a contaminated city or town water supply has not been properly treated with chlorine or when people accidentally swallow contaminated water while swimming in a lake, pool, or irrigation canal. E. coli from personal contact The bacteria can also spread from one person to another, usually when an infected person does not wash his or her hands well after a bowel movement. E. coli can spread from an infected persons hands to other people or to objects. Person-to-person transmission of E. oli occurs through a fecal-oral route, and is particularly common among infants and young children due to their unrefined hygienic practices. Person-to-person transmission of E. coli has also been known to occur between infected individuals and their caregivers, and between infected handlers of authorized objects. (WebMD, 2010) In a study entitled â€Å" microbial Contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico”, the banknotes came from vari ous sources, including banks, price booths, convenience stores, restaurants, cafeterias, and yogurt stores, among others.Samples were randomly obtained and banknotes were placed in a sterile polyethylene bag. The bag was sealed and the sample was taken to the laboratory. All currency banknotes were in good physical condition. Each banknote was placed in 5-mL sterile saline for 24 hours. A sterile, cotton-tipped wipe up was briefly introduced in the saline and the pat was seeded with a portion of the saline homogenise in blood agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C in aerobic conditions. Plates were then examined for bacterial growth and the colonies underwent Gram stain.Gram-negative colonies were grown on Eosin methylene blue agar plates and identified with the Crystal Identification System (Becton Dickinson). Gram-positive cocci were grown on azide agar plates and identified by conventional biochemical tests. Identification of yeasts was performed with CHROMagar Cand ida (Becton Dickinson). Of the 70 currency banknotes on which bacteriological analysis was conducted, 48 (69%) were found to be contaminated with several microbial species (Table 1).Sixteen species isolates were obtained from the banknotes: 14 bacterial species (four [23%] Gram positive and 10 [63%] Gram negative) and two (13%) yeast species. The most prevalent species spy was Candida kruseii (19 banknotes, 27%) followed by Burkholderiacepacia (nine banknotes, 13%). Of the 70 banknotes included, 22 (31%) showed no growth. Four bills (5. 7%) yielded bacteria considered pathogenic to healthy hosts and the other 44 contaminated bills (63%) yielded bacteria considered potentially pathogenic to hospitalized or immunocompromised hosts.Additionally, 11 bills showed more than one microbial species. Pope and co-authors canvass 68 $1 bills collected from a civilise and a grocery store and found that atomic number 23 (7%) were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, 59 (87%) were contaminat ed with opportunistic pathogens, and just four (6%) were free of bacteria (Pope et al. , 2002). strange the study by Pope and co-authors, in our study 31% of the banknotes were negative. Our results are similar to a previous publication (Abrams; Waterman, 1972), in which 70% of banknotes were contaminated with bacteria.Of these banknotes, 60% contained pathogens, including S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Medical personnel seem to play an important role in contamination of paper currency, since it has been reported that 13% of coins and 42% of currency collected from laboratory personnel were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. , and Proteus mirabilis (Abrams; Waterman, 1972). Additionally, the coating of 100 banknotes and 102 coins collected from medical personnel showed that 3% of coins and 11% of banknotes were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens (KhinNwe et al. 1989). In our study, we did not include banknotes collected in any hospital, but banknot es collected near hospital facilities were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens such as B. cepacia and A. baumannii. Uneke and Ogbu assessed the potential of Nigerian currency notes to act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of pathogenic para billets and bacteria. Currency notes obtained from four major cities in Nigeria were evaluated according to standard techniques. Fifty-four (21. 6 percent [95 percent CI: 16. 50-26. 0]) of the first batch of 250 notes, which underwent parasitological analysis, were contaminated with enteric poriferans; 133 (53. 2 percent [95 percent CI: 47. 02-59. 39]) of the countenance batch of 250 notes, which underwent bacteriological analysis, were found to be contaminated with bacteria. Parasites that were isolated from the notes included Ascarislumbricoides (8. 0 percent), Enterobiusvermicularis (6. 8 percent), Trichuristrichiura (2. 8 percent), and Taenia species (4. 0 percent). Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species ( 21. percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent). Among dirty/ damage currency notes, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both importantly (p ; . 05) more pervasive (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, severally) than they were among clean and mint currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher(prenominal)-denomination notes, although the difference was not statistically significant (p ; . 05).Parasite contamination and bacteria contamination were both most frequent in notes obtained from butchers and beggars. These results suggest that currency notes may be contaminated, especially with bacteria and enteric parasites, and may serve as sources of infection. The possibility that currency notes might act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms was suggested in the 1970s (Abrams; Waterman, 1972). Paper currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide.It is used for every type of commerce, from buying milk at a local store to trafficking in brace and drugs. All this make do is hard on currency, with take down-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged many times (Gadsby, 1998). Although paper currency is made to take sophisticate (up to 4,000 folds in each direction) in most parts of the world, including in Nigeria (where paper currency is a tough mix of 75 percent cotton and 25 percentlinen), it lasts less than a few years in circulation (Gadsby, 1998).The average U. S. dollar, for instance-like most currency notes worldwide-lasts a untarnished 18 months (Gadsby). Paper currency also provides a large surface area as a breeding ground for pathogens (Podhajny, 2004). Oddly, publications regarding the degree to which paper money is contaminated with bacteria are few and far between, as the authors found when they conducted a Medline search in declination 2005 (Abrams; Waterman, 1972; El-Dars; Hassan, 2005; Goktas;Oktay, 1992; Jiang ; Doyle, 1999; Khin et al. 1989; Michaels, 2002; Pope et al. , 2002; Singh et al. , 2002; Xu et al. , 2005). Furthermore, the search found no documented study of the parasitological status of currency notes (as of December 2005). Scientific information on the contamination of money by microbial agents is also lacking in most developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This paucity of information may have contributed to the absence of public health policies or legislation on currency usage, handling, and circulation in many parts of Africa.Although the studies done in the United States and Australia have had no major impress on policies or legislation on currency handling and circulation in those countries, they have fostered a higher level of public awareness about the potential for currency contamination by microorganisms (Dow Jones red-hots, 1998; FSA, 2000; Michaels; Jiang ; Doyle; Pope et al. ). In the United States, a whole division of the Department of Treasury deals with what is termed â€Å"mutilated currency,” and the department Web site boasts many examples of beleaguered, burned, buried, water-damaged money (Siddique, 2003).Isolation of various bacterial contaminants from the currency notes was performed via standard techniques described antecedently (Gilchrist, 1993; Singh et al. , 2002). Briefly, a sterile, cotton-tipped swab moistened with sterile physiological saline was used to swab both sides of the currency note. The swabs were directly inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar. The pairs of inoculated media were incubated aerobically at 35-37°C for 24 hours and then examined for bacterial growth according to standard communications protocol described previously (Cheesbrough, 2000).The authors isolated bacteria by assessing colony characteristics and Gram reaction, and by conducting catalase and c oagulase tests; hemolysis, moolah fermentation, and other biochemical tests, including tests for indole production, citrate utilization, and urase activity; triple sugar iron (TSI) agar tests (for glucose, sucrose, and lactose fermentation); gas and henry sulfide production tests; and oxidase tests, according to protocols described previously (Cheesbrough). Bacteria were identified but were not quantified.Microbial contaminants can be transmitted directly by hand-to-hand contact or indirectly via food or inanimate objects like banknotes and doorknobs or other objects that come into contact with multiple human hands. Banknotes may be contaminated during storage and exchange, with lower-denomination banknotes receiving the most handling and therefore more contamination (Abrams; Waterman, 1972). In general, a greater number of bacteria have been reported on banknotes than on coins. Banknotes are an excellent transport medium for different types of microorganisms because they are comm only passed among individuals.Thus, handling money may be a route for transmission of infections (Xu et al. , 2005). We analyzed a sample of 70 20peso bills to isolate and identify bacteria or yeast that may be present on the surface of these banknotes. A recent study that included 1,280 banknotes from 10 countries, including Mexico, reported that pathogens could only be isolated after enrichment and their unpolluted presence did not appear to be awful (Vriesekoop et al. , 2010). The authors discussed that the presence of bacteria on banknotes is influenced by the material used for the banknotes (polymer based vs. otton based) and the age of the banknotes. They stated that the average number of bacteria encountered on the polymer banknotes was approximately 25% of that found on cotton-based banknotes (Vriesekoop et al. , 2010). That study showed a lower contribution of contamination in Mexican banknotes in comparison to banknotes from China, the U. S. , the UK, and the Netherlands , among others. We analyzed only polymer-based banknotes in good condition, but the presence of contamination was detect in most banknotes analyzed without any enrichment procedure.In that study, the only contaminations detected in Mexican banknotes were E. coli, S. aureus, and a low percentage of Bacillus cereus, which were interpreted as an indicator of poor hygiene, background microorganism, and the ability of spore-forming bacteria to persist on banknotes, respectively. In our study, we detected S. aureus and Bacillus spp. but we did not detect E. coli. It is important to point out that the 10-country study included currencies obtained only from food outlets and for this reason the results from that study and ours cannot strictly be compared. Source: Microbial Contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico Rocha-Gamez, Judith; Tejeda-Villarreal, Paula Nelly, QCB; Macias-Cardenas, Patricia; Canizales-Oviedo, Jorge; Garza-Gonzalez, Elvira; et al. Journal of Environmental Health 75. 2 (Sep 2012): 20-3. ) In another study, entitled â€Å" potentiality for Parasite and Bacterial Transmission by Paper Currency in Nigeria”, Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species (21. 6 percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent).Among dirty/mutilated currency notes, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both significantly (p ; . 05) more pervasive (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, respectively) than they were among clean and mint currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher-denomination notes, although the difference was not statistically significant (p ; . 05). Personal hygiene to reduce risk of infection is recommended. Microbial contaminants may be transmitted either directly, through hand-to-hand contact, or indirectly, via food or other inanimate objects.These routes of transmission are of great importa nce in the health of many populations in developing countries, where the frequency of infection is a general indication of local hygiene and environmental sanitation levels. (Cooper, 1991). Paper currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide. It is used for every type of commerce, from buying milk at a local store to trafficking in sex and drugs. All this trade is hard on currency, with lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged many times (Gadsby, 1998).Bacteriological analysis indicated that 133 (53. 2 percent, [95 percent CI: 47. 02-57. 39]) of the second batch of 250 notes were contaminated with bacteria: 37 (52. 9 percent) of the 70 clean notes and 96 (73. 8 percent) of the 130 dirty/mutilated notes. Neither parasite ova nor bacteria were found on the mint notes. Contamination was related to denomination of currency. Contamination with bacteria was most prevalent among the N5 notes (62. 2 percent) and least preva lent among the N500 notes (32. 0 percent). Contamination was also related to the physical condition of the currency.The dirty/mutilated notes also had the highest prevalence of bacterial contamination (73. 8 percent). Among the clean notes, 52. 9 percent were contaminated with bacteria. Chi-square analysis indicated a statistically significant association between bacterial contamination and currency condition (? ^sup 2^ = 79. 030, df = 2, p;. 05). In the study reported here, a random approach was adopted for currency take in; whatever money was provided was collected. The implication is that the majority of the people are exposed to dirty notes.In Nigeria, poor-currency-handling culture is widespread, and there is indiscriminate abuse of currency notes. A great majority of the populace does not carry money in wallets, and squeezing of currency notes is a common occurrence. Women, especially among the unenlightened, often place money underneath their brassieres, while men place thei rs in their socks. These activities not only enhance currency contamination but may also increase the risk of infection from contaminated notes. The situation is further compounded by the inability of the Nigerian government to consistently line old, worn-out, and mutilated notes from circulation.The presence of damaged currency notes and the failure to consistently withdraw them from circulation are common phenomena in many parts of Africa and Asia (Gadsby, 1998; Podhajny, 2004). The persistence of damaged or terribly mutilated notes in active circulation (some so damaged that they can no longer be stuck together) could elevate their contributory role in transmission of some pathogens, thereby constituting potential public health hazard. ( Source: Uneke, C. and Ogbu, O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J Environ Health, 69 (2007) 54â€60. (1)) CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND methodological analysis Purpose of the Study The purpose of t he study is to determine the prevalence of E. coli contamination on Philippine Peso bill on Public Utility jeepney (PUJ), specifically on: twenty (20), fifty (50), one degree centigrade (100) pesos. Subjects of the study The subject of the study is the fifteen (15) Public Utility Jeepney drivers routing Jaro-CPU and City Proper bound. On each driver, three (3) Philippine Peso bill samples with amounts: 20, 50 and 100 are to be collected. Data convention 45 peso bills are to be used as sample and will be collected on the month of March 2013 at around 10:00 †11:00 in the morning.The samples will be taken randomly from 15 Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) of Jaro †Cpu Route. In each jeepney, three(3) different values: 20, 50, and 100 Php are to be taken and tested, so the total number of samples is 45. The samples collected will be placed in a sealable plastic container, so as to preserve the contaminants on the peso bill. The paper bill will be brought immediately to Central Ph ilippine University, particularly at the Medical Laboratory Science Department Research Lab for confirmative testing of E. coli. Preparation of Laboratory Materials Needed The following are indispensable to conduct our study: . ) unfertilised cotton swab †will be used in obtaining the possible contaminant on the surface of the paper bill. b. )Eosin methylene radical Blue Agar †will be used in the confirmatory test for the presence of E. coli The following are the apparatus take oned for our study: a. )Petri Dish b. )Alcohol Lamp c. )Oven All of the enumerated materials above will be borrowed from the stock room of Medical Laboratory Science Department. A letter of permission was given to the stockroom coordinator for authorized use of the materials stated above. Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) Procedure: 1.Using a sterile cotton swab, swab on the surface of the peso bill then streak it onto an EMB agar. 2. Incubate plates at 35oC for twenty-four(24) hours. 3. After 24 hours, observe the plate as follows: The colonies developing on EMB agar plates may be divides as: Typical †nucleated with or without bimetallic sheen A regular(prenominal) †opaque, pink mucoid, non-nucleated Negative †no growth or clear watery, or clear colonies Interpretation of Data Philippine peso paper bill that will give a negative reaction on the EMB agar plate is considered not contaminated with E. coli and is safe for everyday domestic use.There will be no growth or clear watery or clear colonies. On the other hand, water sample that yielded a positive result in E. coli analysis is considered to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria and is not safe. There would be a typical nucleated with or without metallic sheen. Central Philippine University Jaro, Iloilo City College of Arts and Sciences __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Sir/Madam, We, the 3rd yearBachelor in Medical Laboratory Science students of Central Philipp ine University who are currently enrolled in the subject Research is conducting a study entitled Prevalence of E. oli in Philippine Peso Bill. This is a requirement for the completion of the subject in Research 1. In line withthis, we are respectfully requireing you to be one of the respondents of our study by exchanging such peso bills: 20, 50 and 100 respectively that has been collected as commuter’s fare. We need this data for the completion of this study. Your positive response to this request is highly appreciated. Thank you and God bless. Respectfully yours, JUSTINE GRACE JIMENEA ISAAC JAMES LEDESMA MAJA HANNAH LOU LOJA ROBERTO MANALO Jr. JIRAH PEDROSA Researchers Noted by: DR. MA. CORAZON PORRAS Research Adviser BibliographyAbel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). â€Å"7”. Macroeconomics(5th ed. ). Pearson. pp. 266â€269. ISBN 0-201-32789-9. Ahmed, S. U. , S. Parveen, T. Nasreen and B. Feroza, 2010. Evaluation of The Microbial Contamination of Bangladesh Paer Currency Notes (Taka) in Circulation. Advances in biologic Res. , 4 (5):266-271. Aidoo, Kofi (2011). Microbiology Today Answers. ask. com/Health/Diseases/how_does_e_coli_grow, 2010 Bernstein, Peter, A solid ground on Money and Banking, and Gold, Wiley, 2008 edition, pp29-39 Bhat, B. , S. Bhat, K. Asawa and A. Agarwal, 2010. An assessment of oral health risk associated with handling of currency notes. Int. J.Dntal Clinics, 2(3): 14-16. Bioweb. uwlax. edu/bio203/s2008/moder_just/habitat. htm, 2008 Boyle, David (2006). The Little Money Book. 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