Hume’s critique of causation Essay Example for Free

Hume’s critique of causation Essay Our work aims to define David Hume’s views on causation. At first we should say that his critique of causation rose from the full theory of causal inference. In this way we may be better able to make out what is critical and what constructive in Humes views of causation and substance. It is sometimes said that Humes analysis of causation and substance is thoroughly dependent on his theory of ideas as to be quiet vitiated by the falsity of that theory. The constructive theory of causal inference, by which Hume connects his sceptical analysis of the causal relation with his final discovery of the impression of necessity in the felt determination of certain habits or customs in imagination, shows the limitations of such criticism as would dispose of Humes conception of experience as atomistic merely. It will be recalled that Hume begins the â€Å"Treatise of Human Nature† with an analysis of the perceptions of mind into impressions and ideas; and that, in the subsequent sections of Part I, he discloses the remaining elements of perception. Therefore, it would be incorrect to identify perception with any one of its elements, or with all of them taken respectively in isolation. Only mere fancies or perfect ideas occur divorced from all associations. Normally, in the experience of mature persons, there occurs, at the least, a lively idea associated with a present impression; which is, by definition, the general nature of belief. These beliefs vary in elaborateness and force between the extremes of proof and mere chance; but only at the extreme of mere chance, or gratuitous fancy, do isolated impressions or ideas exist. Ordinarily, the terms of Humes analysis of perception occur in the synthesis which he articulates in his theory of belief. Normal experience, then, will consist of perceptions, themselves the syntheses in habit which are beliefs. The substantial identity of things present here and now may be compared in direct perception. But only on the assumption that the causes of a things existence remain unaltered may the continued existence of a thing beyond perception be inferred. Again, although times and places as such admit of comparison without inference, still any constancy or variation in such relations may be inferred to exist only as a result of causation. That relation, therefore, is the principle of all inferences about matters of facts. Nothing exists which may not be considered as either a cause or an effect; though it is plain there is no one quality, which universally belongs to all beings, and gives them title to that denomination (Hume, 185). Since, therefore, the origin of the idea of cause and effect is to be found in no quality of our perceptions, it must be derived from some relation between them. Hume at once finds two such relations: causes and effects are contiguous in space and time, and the cause is always prior in time to the effect. Dr. Broad (120-2) points out that Humes proof of the temporal priority of causes is formally vicious. Hume himself seems to have had some doubts about its validity, for he writes: If this argument appear satisfactory, tis well. If not, I beg the reader to allow me the same liberty, which I have used in the preceding case, of supposing it such. For he shall find that the affair is of no great importance (225). But contiguity and succession do not afford a complete idea of causation. A thing at once contiguous and prior to another still might not be considered its cause. There is a necessary connection to be taken into consideration, and that relation is of much greater importance than any of the other two above mentioned (Hume 211). Necessary connection is then the defining characteristic of the causal relation. The impression from which this idea is derived is therefore the one we are looking for. Yet the only relations between impressions Hume has found so far are those of contiguity and succession, which I have already regarded as imperfect and unsatisfactory (216). And he proceeds to divide his problem into two questions: why we believe that every event must have some cause or other; and why we believe that the same cause must necessarily produce the same effect (Hume 223-6). Hume thus distinguishes the law of causality from the law of causation, and takes it that together they are what is meant by a necessary connection among events. Though a general maxim in philosophy, that every even must have a cause is not a matter of knowledge. This Hume demonstrates first on the grounds of his own view of the extent of knowledge. The law of causality may be identified neither with resemblance, degrees of quality, contrariety, nor proportions in quantity and number. The law is therefore not known to be true. Hume thinks that anyone who would controvert this conclusion will be obliged to exhibit a relation at once identical with causality and known by direct inspection, which it will then be time enough to examine (224). He proceeds next to urge that the law in question is to be demonstrated by apagogic reasoning on no theory of knowledge, and therefore is neither intuitively nor demonstrably certain (228). That every event must have some cause or other means that the ideas of cause and effect are necessarily connected. Was this the case, it would be impossible that those ideas should be separable. Yet, since they are distinct, the ideas of cause and effect are separable; and the denial of their necessary connection involves no contradiction. Here Hume relies on the principle of his atomism. Yet he need not have done so; for the contradictory of the law of causality being not self-contradictory, that law is not demonstrable by apagogic reasoning. For since the relation of cause and effect is the principle of all inference about matters of fact, no inference to a probability can be independent of that relation. Hume takes his analysis thus far to have shown that our only notion of cause and effect is of certain objects constantly conjoined. We cannot penetrate into the reason of the conjunction. We only observe the thing itself, and always find that from the constant conjunction the objects acquire an union in the imagination (128). Our notion of cause and effect, as so far disclosed, is no more than a philosophical relation. Thus though causation be a philosophical relation, as implying contiguity, succession, and constant conjunction, yet it is only so far as it is a natural relation, and produces an union among our ideas, that we are able to reason upon it, or draw any inference from it(Hume 131). And causation is more than a philosophical relation just so far as it is association. Concerning the nature of the transition from impression to idea in causal inference is thus that the transition is the work of associations or habits in imagination, not of reason. So understood, the inference from impression to idea Hume declares to be one part of the definition of an opinion or belief; that it is an idea related to or associated with a present impression (Hume 137). Hume insists that the idea of necessary connection derives from the felt force of the natural relation of cause and effect. The ideas of cause and effect being separable, there can be no contradiction in denying their necessary connection. Here again, however, Humes conclusion is valid independently of the assumption on which he himself makes it out. For the contradictory of the law in question is conceivable. And in going on to show the uniformity of nature to be indemonstrable, Hume points out on the one hand that we can at least conceive a change in the course of nature, which sufficiently proves that such a change is not absolutely impossible; and, on the other, that the uniformity in question being the presupposition of probable reasoning, any attempt at its demonstration by induction could only beg the question. Hume is giving a definition of cause and effect, so in conclusion he is describing the observed or felt nature of that relation. Those impressions may have causes Hume does not deny. He says the ultimate causes of sense-impressions are, in my opinion, perfectly inexplicable by human reason, (223) and he finds the alleged necessity that they have a cause to be not demonstrable. Nor are his arguments that impressions are prior to and productive of ideas advanced as a denial that impressions are thus productive. And the attraction of association is also assumed and its origins are regarded as inexplicable. Yet this means that impressions, ideas, and the attraction of association are found to exist in constant conjunction, not in necessary connection. That the than the logical necessity of Malebranche, means that what has been called a necessary connection is in fact habitual; not that from this conclusion we may infer the non-existence of causes. For the fact that the rational necessity of causation is not to be demonstrated plainly does not imply that nothing in the nature of a cause can exist. If we do not know the laws of causality and causation to be true, neither do we know them to be false. Hence there is no reason, the contradictory of which would be inconceivable, why causes should be or should not be assumed. The law of causation, being demonstrable by neither apagogic nor inductive reasoning, if demonstrable at all, will be on the ground that necessary connection in fact is disclosed within sense-perception. Since Humes failure to find that logical necessity obtains between the elements of sense-perceptions has been held to require his own analysis of experience, it may be well to consider briefly the fact that in other interests, and through a conception of experience not that of Hume, the same conclusion had been reached by three of the Cartesians. Hume may well emphasize the conclusion that all of our beliefs that are justified by experimental enquiry and all of our accurately successful causal inferences will depend upon the operation in the understanding of those fundamental habits by which cases of constant conjunction are disclosed and inferred. The nature of the understanding thus is what constitutes the foundations of induction. That the habits of which the understanding consists can in no case yield demonstrably certain conclusions, means that the foundations of induction are essentially illogical, to be neither demonstrated nor denied either by the reason of the Cartesians or by inductive theory itself. It is, finally, of the nature of the understanding that logic proper consists: the pretensions of our scholastic headpieces and logicians are simply to be set aside† (312). The assumption that the elements of experience are intrinsically self-identical is thus requisite to the view of impressions as complete in themselves. But the finding of elements by analysis is itself not the further explanation that these elements may be regarded as self contained because, like being simple, resemblance is not the name of a qualifying predicate. Whether or not the theory of philosophical relations be rejected along with the doctrine of impressions and ideas, the conclusion, as such, that apagogic reasoning is powerless in matters of existence, remains no less free of that theory and that doctrine, than is the conclusion itself of Humes failure to find necessary connections among matters of fact. For, as Professor Kemp Smith has pointed out, it was Hume who first perceived the falsity of the Cartesian, rationalistic view of the causal relation (537). Malebranche could discover no necessary connection between events, yet he continued to conceive of the causal relation as being intelligible to the pure understanding, and, as a consequence of his theory of knowledge as the vision in God, failed to draw the conclusion that the law of causation is neither intuitively nor demonstrably certain. For a real cause, Malebranche says, is a cause between which and its effect, the mind perceives a necessary connection (Rome 94). This conclusion drawn, Hume can attack the root of any assumption that the law of causation may be justified by experience. The attempted justification could only be inductive; and the law of causation is the presupposition of induction. Since causal inference is found to be neither rational nor merely sensory, if explicable at all, it will be so through an analysis, not of the fancies of the philosophers, but of the imagination that is the foundation of the senses and the memory. It is thus found that probable inference consists of the habits of imagination, or beliefs, which are the perceptions that constitute the mind, and of which the more firmly established in the imagination are the understanding. To conclude the work we should say that Humes chief innovation in association’s theory is his inclusion of cause and effect among the natural relations, or modes of association. Yet even a moderately detailed examination of Humes theories of causal inference and belief in substance may suffice to indicate how groundless is the charge of total scepticism, while at the same time it discloses the character of unanalysed experience in Humes view. The relation between his critical analysis of causation and that of the Cartesians, as well as the logical nature of Humes arguments in that regard, make it plain that his analysis here is independent of his chief psychological dogma. Works Cited Baillie, James. Hume on Morality. London: Routledge, 2000. Broad, Charlie Dunbar. Perception, Physics, and Reality; an Enquiry into the Information that Physical Science Can Supply About the Real. New York: Russell Russell, 1972. Hall, Roland. Fifty Years of Hume Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978. Hendel, Charles William Jr. Studies in the Philosophy of David Hume. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. New York: Penguin Classics, 1986. Kemp Smith, Norman. A Commentary to Kants Critique of Pure Reason. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 Noonan, Harold W. Philosophy Guidebook to Hume on Knowledge. London: Routledge, 1999. Potkay, Adam. The Fate of Eloquence in the Age of Hume. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. Rome, Beatrice K. The Philosophy of Malebranche: A Study of His Integration of Faith, Reason, and Experimental Observation. Chicago: H. Regnery Co. , 1963. Stewart, John B. The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. Strawson, Galen. The Secret Connexion: Causation, Realism, and David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Stroud, Barry. Hume. London: Routledge, 1977.

Hindustan unilever limited

Hindustan unilever limited Hindustan Unilever Limited Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is Indias largest fast moving consumer goods company, with leadership in Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages. HULs brands, spread across 20 distinct consumer categories, touch the lives of two out of three Indians. Hindustan unilever limited is one of Indias (FMCG) fast moving consumer goods company and have brands like Lifebuoy, Lux , Surf Excel, Rin, Wheel, Fair Lovely, Ponds, Sunsilk, Clinic, Pepsodent, Close-up, Lakme, Brooke Bond, Kissan, Knorr , Kwality Walls are household names across the country and other products such as soaps, detergents, personal products, tea, coffee etc The mission that inspires HULs over 15,000 employees is to add vitality to life. With 35 Power Brands, HUL meets every day needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. It is a mission HUL shares with its parent company, Unilever, which holds 52.10% of the equity. A Fortune 500 transnational, Unilever sells Foods and Home and Personal Care brands in about 100 countries worldwide. MISSION Unilevers mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. CORPORATE MISSION Unilevers mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. Our deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give us our strong relationship with consumers and are the foundation for our future growth. We will bring our wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers a truly multi-local multinational. Our long-term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively, and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. To succeed also requires, we believe, the highest standards of corporate behaviour towards everyone we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we have an impact. This is our road to sustainable, profitable growth, creating long-term value for our shareholders, our people, and our business partners. MARKETING OBJECTIVE The marketing objective is to establish the company as an expert in the marketplace .Lux has to establish an expert in the marketplace. Lux has to establish itself as a leader in the market. To accomplish this objective, customers must faith on its products. Objective metric :-To extend the business. To accomplish this marketing objective .Lux must have to tie-ups some other branded (Foreign) company and produce very good quality products. People know about at least more countries and use it. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Company has advanced technology and well skilled professionals. The new Lux face wash is a high quality product in term of skin problems and protection. The target market is educated, professionals and belongs to premium and middle class Company totally owned, systematic distribution network, transparent communication system. Weakness Competitors have strong promotional activities. Imported brands also available in the markets. Customers are offered better alternatives by the competition. Opportunities Population expands at a rapid rate. Consumers are becoming more quality conscious. Rural areas are a large prospective market where they can introduce lux face wash. Customer base is increasing with effective marketing. Threats Political and Economical factors. Partial Government policies. High rate of competition. Local and foreign competitors INTRODUCTION TO LUX Lux Soap came into existence in 1964. Lux occupies a large market share in the Pakistani soap market as well as the international arena. The new Lux, with the sunscreen formula, is targeted to a different market segment as compared previously to previous Lux. Lux is the first brand to bring the sunscreen concept in soap industry. Lux plans to cater to all these customers. Beauty begins with Lux. The strategy that is used by lever brother for their lux sunscreen is on specific product Benefits strategy as the lux sunscreen promotes Sun Protection benefit as well as beauty .Lux sunscreen revolves around the slogan that is:Lux Sunscreen. Lux Soap came into existence in 1964. Subsequently it was launched in the US in 1916, and marketed as laundry soap targeted specifically at delicates. Lever Brothers encouraged women to home launder their clothes without fear of satins and silks being turned yellow by harsh lyes that were often used in soaps at the time. The flake-type soap allowed the manufacturer some leeway from lye because it did not need to be shaped into traditional cake-shaped loaves as other soaps were. The result was a gentler soap that dissolved more readily and was advertised as suitable for home laundry use. Lux is currently a product of Unilever. The name Lux was chosen as the Latin word for light. Lux toilet soap was introduced as bathroom soap in the US in 1925 and in the UK in 1928 as a brand extension of Lux soap flakes. Subsequently Lux soap has been marketed in several forms, including hand wash, shower gel and cream bath soap. Lux soap was launched in India in 1929. The very first advertisement in 1929 featured Leela Chitnis as its brand ambassador. It was branded in India as the beauty soap of film stars. Delight to the senses: Everything about the brand from the look and feel of the products and packaging to the subtle fragrances is a delight to the senses. In fact, Lux has been making waves since 1924, when it launched the worlds first mass-market beauty soap at a fraction of the cost of some expensive brands. How it all started Lux was first introduced as toilet soap in 1925. Produced by Lever Brothers, it arrived in the UK in 1928, offering people a chance to pamper themselves for a modest price. From the 1930s right through to the 1970s, Lux soap colours and packaging were altered several times to reflect fashion trends. In 1958 five colours made up the range: pink, white, blue, green and yellow. People enjoyed matching their soap with their bathroom colours. In the early 1990s, Lux responded to the growing trend away from traditional soap bars by launching its own range of shower gels, liquid soaps and moisturising bars. Lux beauty facial wash, Lux beauty bath and Lux beauty shower were launched in 1992. In 2004, the entire Lux range was relaunched in the UK to include five shower gels, three bath products and two new soap bars. 2005 saw the launch of three exciting new variants with dreamy names such as Wine Roses bath cream, Glowing Touch and Sparkling Morning shower gels. PRODUCTS OF LUX Top of Form Lux Bath Glowing Touch Lux Bath Shimmering Sea Refreshing Foam Bath Lux Bath Wine Roses Lux Heavenly Milk Indulging Cream Bath Lux Light Reflect Body Moisturiser Lux Liquid Hand Wash Heavenly Milk Lux Liquid Hand Wash Shimmering Sea Lux Nutri Pearls Body Moisturiser Lux Oils of the Orient Pampering Cream Bath Lux Shower Cream Heavenly Milk Lux Shower Cream Oils of the Orient Lux Shower Gel Nutri Pearls Lux Shower Gel Shimmering Sea Lux Shower Gel Summer Massage Lux Shower Gel Wine Roses Lux Shower Glowing Touch Lux Shower Sparkling Morning Lux Soap Bar Silky Touch Lux Soap Creamy Perfection Lux Soap Marine Massage Bottom of Form LAUNCHING OF LUX FACE WASH We are proud to propose a new range of deodorant protection brings you incredible natural effectiveness that is kind to both you and environment. This year launch of the new variant lux faces wash, with the baseline FEEL FRESH to communicate its positioning. It addresses towards the need for removing unnecessary dirt and feels your skin soft and fresh through the unique proposition of FACE WASH. Today in the market, lux has three distinct variants, Lux deo, beauty soap, creams continues to operate in the healthy skin category. Lux soaps are the strongest player in freshness category. This is a natural extract recommended by a professional dermatologist in Arizona, U.S.A. It was already approved for safety and hygene.Lux Face Wash is the latest offer from the HUL. This latest Face wash is based at make your skin free from dirt and feels fresh and soft skin. It comes for oily skin. Product profile Lux Face Wash the first step in facial care for soft, smooth skin. For clean and soft skin that glows suitable for all skin-types. How it works: Thoroughly cleanses without leaving slippery feeling on skin. Cleans skin 100% soap free formula with rich lather penetrates and removes deep rooted dirt, leaving your skin cleaner and smoother. Gentle on skin. Active Cleansing System cleans gently and cares for your skin better than soap. Results: Clean, soft, glowing skin. Usage: Splash faces with water and apply face wash on face and neck. Rinse off. Pat dry. If face-wash gets into your eyes, rinse well with water. Soap free washing preparation with organic surface active agents. Key Ingredients: Glycerin, Sodium Lareth Sulphate, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E Acetate). PRICING Unilever claims to practice value based pricing in which the customer perception of the products price provides a starting point for developing the marketing mix of the product. The research department determines this price usually by using focus groups. The primary importance of this value based pricing is that the product demand will be much higher if its price is in line with the customers perception of its value. One crucial concern for value based pricing is strict management of cost in order to be able to make a profit at the value based price. After the initial price is determined Unilever then uses target costing in order to achieve the required profits. With the marketing plan now being termed as Annual contact the importance of meeting the profit margin requirements has increased. Target costing thus provides as essential tool to manage cost effectively. The characteristics of monopolistic competition typifying the market set the threshold for pricing. This market over a range of prices. The key element is differentiation which allows the sellers to gain market share in contrasts to competitors. Last year lakme, Himalaya, Ponds revised their prices which has increased the prices of their face wash considerably but lux has maintained its price and their prices are much lower than Ponds, lakme. Being a poor country people go for products which are within the range of Rs 50. Promotion LUX has been closely identified by its innovation, which is reflected in its promotions. It was the first brand of this category that comes up with an idea of creative offers like gold coins and pendants in soap. After getting a good response from these offers they started new offers to increase the sales like, Buy1 Get 1 Free. LUX advertising always had a strong impact on customers by carefully choosing the elements which reflect aspects of the brand. No wonder then, the commercials featuring of celebrities like, Hema Malani, Aishwarya Rai and kareena Kapoor makes the Lux very famous among womens and this creates an curiosity in the mind of girls for using the product. The confidence that advertisement shows were closely connected to the properties of the Lux product. The lux face washes targets audiences in the markets of India that has appealed for only girls. The current advertising reinforces this bond and the fact that lux has provided protection over the years. STEPS IN LAUNCHING OF FACE WASH HUL want to launch a new product of lux into market. This time company is launching lux face wash with different fragrances for girls facing problem of oily skin They had done homework and decided exactly what to offer and how to generate sales. It is very difficult to increase sales because these days large number of products were launched everyday and there is very tough competition in market. So for this there is a proper procedure to launch product in the market and defined a proper procedure of launching a new product in the market. Lux face wash is the brand extension of the lux range and it will provide benefit in the success of the product. These are the following steps kept in mind. 1. Identifying the competitors: Before launching the product a proper market study must be done to know the competitors in the market and their strategies. There are various competitors of HUL in market offering large range of products like lakme, ponds, Himalaya etc. So for this there is a need of market survey and have to take a serious look at competitors by doing the proper SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. By doing swot analysis strategies and target market of competitors will come to know and helps in making the policies to compete with them. As HUL is launching face wash under the brand name LUX it is important to know the products offered in the market by competitors. There are various products like ponds, lakme etc offered by competitors but if new product or service is entirely unique and without any competition, its important to put product according to the customers prospective .Once it is decided whom will be competitors, review their mar keting strategy, including their ads, brochures and websites and target market after all the process it is to be evaluated how new product will stand up against other products. 2. Target the customer. To successfully launch a new product with minimum financial outlay, its essential to focus exclusively on those customers who are targeted according to the different segments. These customers may be those peoples currently buying something else and can appreciate the additional features of new product offered to them. So for targeting the market there must be a proper segmentation according to age, sex, preferences etc. There will be a proper positioning of product in the mind of the customers. The main target customer of the lux face wash is girls. 3. Define marketing strategy and techniques. After defining the target customer, sales and marketing channels also must be decided. It must be decided whether to do distribute through internet or dealers .Generally, multichannel marketing achieve the greatest success .It is necessary to know target customer and target market. Suppose your strategy is to market a low-cost customer you might choose traditional direct marketing sales as your primary channel. The trend from traditional strategies based on personalization, rather than generalization approaches integrated. If you want to target high cost customer you might use traditional as well as modern techniques to distribute the products. HUL involve the whole organization, because it needs both internal and external communications to identify the strategy and direction of the organization. 4. Test concept and marketing approach. With all the efforts and money it takes to bring a new product to market, it is foolishness to rush to the launch phase before testing your product. Its best to examine product, marketing message and marketing materials offered by the company. Before launching the product it is to be tested whether the product will be accepted by the customer or not. Only after testing is complete, company should proceed to the final creation of marketing approach and strategy. 5. Positioning:-Positioning is the art of designing the companys offer and image to occupy a place in the mind of the target customers. The goal is to locate the brand in the mind of consumers to maximize the benefits of the firm. Positioning starts with a product. Therefore it is important to develop approach in order to obtain a brand image, target the market and to position the LUX deo to their respective target markets. The present report focuses on the explanation of the promotional, marketing mix and business strategy. 6. Roll out campaign. Campaign often plays a vital role in the launch of a product. There are various ways of campaign like through advertisement, events, public relations etc .But no matter what publicity route you choose, first make sure your product is ready and available for purchase in order to maximize returns. And other marketing efforts should follow closely on the press roll out. Monitor the results of all media, and in the first weeks and months, be prepared to adjust campaign to take advantage of what is working best. Company must hold various promotional events, advertisements for the promotion of the product. As HLL is launching the deo there must awareness and availability of the product in market which is only possible by promotional campaign. All the Medias like newspapers, TV, radios; internet etc must be used for the promotion of the product. 7. Launch of the product: After a proper campaign process it is to be decided about the launch of the product keeping in mind the various concepts of marketing mix. A proper process must be followed keeping in mind the 4ps price, place, product, promotion .when all is set launch product by handling an inaugural ceremony. 8. Taking the feedback from customer:- work doesnt ends after launch of the product now its time to take feedback from customer about the product. Feedback will tell whether the product is successful or not. Company will also come to know about the need of customer and can review the product. Feedback is necessary because by this it can be specified that what consumers want and what they are getting. It will also help in the launching of new product. 9. Know your products lifecycle. The campaign which is used during the introduction phase of product launch will need to be updated as product matures. It is needed to monitor the marketing results carefully and record the results that will indicate when its time to revise the product, media message for generating the higher revenue. This is needed because every product reaches the maturity stage where revenue generations decrease and its time to review the product. MARKET GROWTH OF FACE WASH This graph shows the market growth of the product after the one month of launch up to the fifth month. According to this market survey products market share increases rapidly but due to tough competition in the market it starts declining at the ending of second month. Graphic representation of product growth But after the end of the third month sales increases due to the quick response of the company.HUL increases the sales promotion of deodorant creates awareness in the market. Due to this there is increase in the sales and remain constant up to fifth month. This shows that after launching the product job doesnt ends product but it needs regular promotion in case of new product. After examining the market cause of decline in the growth of product indicates that it is caused by due to the decrease in the price of the other companys product. So here HUL reduces its products prices and records increase in the growth rate and maintained it. Market survey is must in todays competitive world because market trends keep on changing regularly so thats why its necessary. Evaluation and control Evaluation is main part how we done all the things market research , knowledge about competitors strategy target market product promotion evaluation and good control over all these activities are very essential. Responsible Management Responsibility management solves most of important problem faced by system administrator. Employees should have proper responsibility about management. Place Distribution: Place and distribution channels play an important role of product. IMPLEMENTATION OF TIME TABLE 1. The company plans to more market shares at the end of 2010. 2. The company plans to have secured selling in each region of the country even abroad i.e. global market. SUMMARY HUL has to sale its new product LUX face wash throughout the country and also target the new entry. For this HUL has to set quarterly and yearly sales target and actual sales will be compared to these quarterly plans One major concern is that the current financial strategy of supporting. We have to new business by personal funds. Finally we have to utilize all marketing plans.

Influences on Self-Concepts and the Impact

Influences on Self-Concepts and the Impact I have been asked to reassess a case study on Isaac Barlow and Zac Barlow. In my assessment I shall include aspects that influenced the brothers self concept. Also, I shall include an outline how these factors can influence the growth of their self esteem. Finally, I shall include an explanation on how these factors can influence the development of their self concept. (P3) State factors that influence an individuals self-concept and give a clear and full account of the factors that might have influenced the brothers self-concept. I shall state the factors that influence an individuals self-concept and I will give a clear and full account of the factors that might have influenced the brothers self-concept. Factors that can influence an individuals self-concept are education, media, appearance, culture, abuse, relationships, gender, income and age. Education: Education can influence an individuals self-concept by having supportive teaching staff who continues to encourage a student to keep up the good work. Also, another factor that can influence an individuals self-concept is the lack of employment due to having a poor education. Education can impact on a persons self-esteem if they cannot get into employment and the person will get a negative self-image and low self-esteem. Media: Media can influence an individuals self-concept through provision of educational sources such as, promoting enrolment on academic courses and information on current situation happening in our society. A further reason that can influence an individuals self-concept is displaying of images of models or celebrities being underweight. For example, pictures of Victoria Beckham and Nicole Richie. Appearance: Appearance can affect an individuals self-concept both constructively and harmfully. For example, appearance constructive influence will be pictures displayed by sports encouraging individuals to keep up a healthy lifestyle. Further to point, appearance can have a negative influence on a persons life through advertising photos of underweight models and this can influence young women to try to seem very thin. Culture: Culture is a belief that you have or self values. This can influence our self concept if we do not endorse other individuals culture. Example req. Also, this can be the way you were brought up by your parents or a guardian. Abuse: There are different types of abuse; they are physical, emotional, neglect and sexual. These or any type of abuse can be detrimental to a person, however, abuse can influence a person if they have been neglected and they will develop a low self esteem. In addition, a person has been neglected may feel socially excluded and may suffer from mental health conditions. Relationships: Relationship can influence an individuals self concept if you do not have a supportive family, peers. This will may lead the individual to have a negative self concept with socialisation. Furthermore, having high expectations can also have a negative self concept of an individual, additionally if the person has been compared to other peer groups or siblings can have a negative influence. Gender: Gender is characterised by being a man or woman. This categorisation can influence a persons self-concept of stereotyping job roles for both genders. For example, men should play football and women should stay at home and cook the meals also take care of the children. Finally, I believe that these factors may influence an individuals self-concept everyone should be treated equally regardless of their gender. Income: Income can influence individual self concept if they do not have enough income they may be despair that they cannot afford to live a normal life. For example, with insufficient low income a person cannot maintain their lifestyle factors, such as paying their rent, afford heating facilities within their home plus have a balance diet. Age: It can be said that self-concept can fluctuate throughout different life stages, for example. Also, age can influence a persons self concept during childhood and adolescent development. Through comprehending his ideal self receiving peer pressure. Self concept is the way an individual visualise them self. For example, self concept can be very influential in the way we see our self; by receiving critical comments by peers or family member, which can cause low self esteem. Self concept is made up of factors such as self image, ideal self and self esteem. Haworth et al (2010) suggests that there are numerous factors that can affect your self- concept. They are age, education, media, appearance, culture, abuse, relationships, gender, and income. These factors are also known as socioeconomic factors. (M2) Outline how factors can influence the development of an individuals self-concept, or Outline how the factors that influenced the brothers self-concept. (D1) Describe how the factors influenced the brothers self-concept. Factors that influenced Zac Barlow self-concept Age: During Zacs infancy years he was unable to distinguish what gender he was. During Zacs childhood years he was able to distinguish his family. During he was able to identify that he was a student and what year he was in school and able to identify his likes and dislikes. He was able to tell who is friends were and express his emotions. During adolescent life stage he was able to compare himself with others and express his relationship with peers. Also, he was able to describe his beliefs and acknowledge what is right from what is wrong. During his adulthood life stage he should become more confident within his personal relationship and establish himself within a particular career. Appearance: Zacs appearance seems to have been influence negatively, because he was not interested in sports. This may have impacted on him because within the norms males are expected to do physical activities. Also, this will have an impact on his self esteem, although his self image might be different on what others think about him. He may not feel attracted to form any relationship with the opposite sex at school because of his appearance. Moreover, his self concept may decrease due to how others perceive him. He had a very thin physique which might be an influence from the media. He may be affected by his appearance. His appearance may affect by how he attires or carries himself and called gay; he may feel within his ideal self that he is gay. Also, hearing negative words all the time can make him believe whatever they mimic him and this will lead to negative social interaction with his peers. Media: The media may have an impact on how he feels about himself. Media may impact on his appearance. May has impacted the way he feels about himself or may have an impact on his image which may encourage him to keep his body built. Contribute to self concept development; social, academic, emotional physical may impact on his appearance which is his ideal self. Media can also provide positive educational opportunities which can help to develop a persons academic growth. Culture: He believes he was the norm. In the western culture boys meant to be masculine and girls meant to be feminine. His culture can be influenced by his family also by his peers. He did not have a girlfriend at school plus how he was brought up might impact on his self esteem. Gender: He was male. He meant to have masculine physiques. He faces gender stereotype because he was not taking part in sport activity at school. Because of his gender stereotype it decreases his academic performance at school. At a certain age people can identify or chose which group to follow so he hangs out with older boys. Education: He was influenced by his parents to study because he did not have a choice. He was influenced by teachers, peers and parents to study. May start to compare himself with his peers including siblings. Receiving additional support from the school could help to develop his self concept. Being compared to other pupils or siblings can affect his views on himself. Been teased Zac may feel unwanted and be ashamed of who he is as a person and as a part of that he would have a low self esteem which he may possibly continue through to adulthood. This may also affect his relationships and employment prospects. Constant teasing can affect Zac overall mood and that is why he was unsociable. Because of this he may lose interest in sports activities and was able to build a relationship with older boys. He will also develop mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. He may feel reluctant to try and build relationships with his peers. Being teased can also has a significant consequence on his academic performance, reason being, he has been teased and this will make him divert from paying attention on his studies. This will have a result on his academic study by not making it into six forms or college. Also because he has been teased he did not want to take part in certain lessons. There is no indication of how long the teasing took place but there was speculations of Zac being bullied by his peers. Additionally, if he have been bullied this will show signs that his teasing was going on for a while then potentially lead to bullying. Furthermore, this will allow Zac to be in fear and have a negative self-concept about himself or have a negative self-image, self-esteem, self-value and ideal self. These mental scars can affect Zac in both past and present conduct and decrease his chance of academic and psychological hardship throughout school and into adulthood. Income: He was raised in a middle class family. So his parents had enough money to live an above normal lifestyle. Having brought up in a middle class family, would mean that some of his needs were financially. Also, been used to a lot of money during his development he may be used to materialistic things. He may influence to steal because he cannot afford his lifestyle needs which can have a negative self image. Relationship: There are different types of relationships, which are family, mutual, ect. He did not have a good relationship with his peers because they taunted him. He did not have good relationship with school staff as he always gets into trouble at school He may introvert his social behaviour. He did not have a good relationship with his parents as he has been neglected and he would not speak to them. He did not have good social interaction with any of his peers family and staff at school. He develops relationship with older boys as they share similar value this will strengthen his self concept and extrovert his social conduct. Abuse: He was verbally abused by peers which will have an emotional impact on his self esteem. He was neglected by his parents, for example, his emotional needs were neglected. He may be abuse by the older boys which influenced him to smoke because he was vulnerable. He may be stereotyped because of his role of his gender, for instance, males meant to be muscular and females were meant to be gorgeous.

The Three Crusades :: essays research papers

The Three Crusades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were three Crusades and they all took different routes from western Europe to Palestine. THE FIRST CRUSADE - The first crusade began in A.D. 1095. Pope Urban II mounted a platform outside the church at Clermont, France. The crowd shouted â€Å"Deus vult!† in response to the pope’s plea. Knights and peasants alike vowed to join the expedition to the Holy Land. For knights, the Crusade was a welcome chance to employ their fighting skills. For peasants, the Crusade meant freedom from feudal bonds while on the Crusade. All were promised immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed freeing the Holy Land from non-Christians. Adventure and the possibility of wealth were other reasons to join the Crusade. The First Crusade heightened already existing hatred of non-Christians and marked the onset of a long period of Christian persecution of the Jews. During the First Crusade, which began in A.D. 1096, three armies of Crusader knights and volunteers traveled separately from western Europe to the eastern Mediterranean. On the way, many of them killed Jews and sometimes massacred entire Jewish communities. The three armies finally met in Constantinople in A.D. 1097. From there the Crusaders made their way to Jerusalem, enduring the hardships of desert travel as well as quarrels among their leaders. In June A.D. 1099, the Crusaders finally reached the city. After the siege of almost two months Jerusalem fell. Crusaders swarmed into the city and killed most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. The success of the First Crusade reinforced the authority of the Church and strengthened the self-confidence of western Europeans. The religious zeal of the Crusaders soon cooled, however, and many knights returned home. Those who stayed set up feudal states in Syria and Palestine. Contact between the Crusaders and the relatively more sophisticated civilizations of the Byzantines and the Muslims would continue for the next 100 years and become major factor in ending the cultural isolation of western Europe. THE SECOND CRUSADE - Less than 50 years after the First Crusade, the Seljuks conquered part of the Crusader states in Palestine. Pope Eugenius IV called for a Second Crusade to regain the territory. Eloquent sermons by the monk Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III to lead armies to Palestine. The Second Crusade, which lasted from A.D. 1147 to A.D. 1149, was unsuccessful. Louis VII and Conrad III quarreled constantly and were ineffective militarily. They were easily defeated by the Seljuks. THE THIRD CRUSADE - A diplomatic and forceful leader named Saladin united the Muslim forces and then captured Jerusalem in A.D. 1187.

Egypt: The Gift Of The Nile :: essays research papers

The Nile, is the longest river in the world, and is located in northeastern Africa. Its principal source is Lake Victoria, in east central Africa. The Nile flows north through Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea, with a total distance of 5584 km. From its remotest headstream in Burundi, the river is 6671 km long. The river basin covers an area of more than 3,349,000 sq km. Not only is the Nile considered a wonder by Herodotus, but by people all over the world, due to its impotance to the growth of a civilization.The first great African civilization developed in the northern Nile Valley in about 5000 BC. Dependent on agriculture, this state, called Egypt, relied on the flooding of the Nile for irrigation and new soils. It dominated vast areas of northeastern Africa for millennia. Ruled by Egypt for about 1800 years, the Kush region of northern Sudan subjugated Egypt in the 8th century BC. Pyramids, temples, and other monuments of these civilizations blanket the river valley in Egypt and northern Sudan.To Egypt, the Nile is seen as the fountain of life. Every year, between the months of June and October, the great rivers of the Nile rush north, and flood the highlands of Etiopia. The flooding surges of the land, and leaves behind water for the people, and fertile land, which can be used for agriculture. The impact the Nile has on Egypt during the ancient times and present are consierably apparent. The influence the Nile has is so extensive, that even the speech is transposed. For example, "To go north" in the Egyption language is the same as, "to go down stream"; "to go south" the same as "to go upstream." Also, the term for a "foreign country" in Egypt would be used as "highland" or "desert", because the only mountains or deserts would be far away, and foreign to them. The Nile certainly had an exceptional influence on Egypts, both lifestyle and thinking.The Nile also forced a change on the political system and ruling in Egypt. Because of the vast floods every year, the country needed a ruler that was capable of enforcing of the farmings and methods used. Such as the hoarding of the water and the stocking of the food harvested. Second, only a stongly cetralized administration could manafe the economy properly.

PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP Auditors? Independence Issues & Violations :: essays research papers fc

SEC Concerned with Changes in the Public Accounting Profession The SEC and the former Chairman Arthur Levitt Jr. were extremely concerned that the public accounting firms were violating the auditors independence rules addressed through the Securities Exchange Acts. Auditing firms now had dual citizenship in public companies: (1) they issued opinions on audited financial statements and (2) they participated in various consulting engagements for those same companies. Levitt's solution was to split auditing and consulting. The former Chairman was concerned that the public would lose confidence in the financial markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the whole system would be jeopardized. Public Accounting Revenues vs. Consulting Revenues by 1999 By 1976, audit fees accounted for approximately 70% of total revenue earned by any accounting firm in general. According to the Public Accounting Report, an Atlanta newsletter, the auditing and assurance services revenues dropped to 30% and tax services business accounted for 19% of the total revenues earned in 1999. Mathematically speaking, this means management consulting services accounted for approximately 51% of the total revenue being earned in 1999 by public accounting firms. Fact: According to The Business Journal's Book of Lists, PwC had $75 million in South Florida billings in 1998 to place third among accounting firms. SEC Auditors’ Independence Rule The independence rules require that auditors refrain from investing in companies that they audit, to ensure objective, truthful reporting and opinion. The rule applies to all auditors, their relatives, spouses, dependents, non-dependents, and, in some cases, associates must disclose all holdings. On the September 25, 2002 issue of BusinessWeekOnline.com, the Accounting Wars Powerful auditor-consultants are the target of Arthur Levitt’s crusade articles defined â€Å"Independence to mean, CPAs cannot audit their own or their partners' work†¦.†¦..clear and honest information is dependent on the CPAs independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦an auditor must not have any financial stake in the health, or even survival, of a client company.† There are those in the profession that believe this rule is archaic and does not hold any value in today’s financial world. Barry Melancon, President and CEO of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants stated, â€Å"The SEC has a right to expect the profession to adhere to the rules; however, the profession has a right to expect the regulatory environment to remain modern.† Fact: In 1933, when Congress first required public financial reports, lawmakers debated whether audit fees would taint auditors' independence. PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP is a public accounting firm formed through a merger between Coopers & Lybrand LLP and Price Waterhouse LLP, which was consummated on or about July 1, 1998.

Floods in Malaysia

Improvement in weather conditions saw a drop in the number of flood victims at flood relief centres (FRC) in Pahang and Kelantan this morning but conditions remained unchanged in Terengganu. In Pahang, the number of flood victims at FRC dropped from 35,502 last night to 33,952 as of 9am this morning said a Pahang state police disaster operations room spokesman.The 33,952 flood victims from 10,328 families are currently housed in 141 FRC throughout the nine districts affected by floods, namely 27,700 in Kuantan, Pekan (3,180 at 34 FRC), Temerloh (1,132 at 23 FRC), Maran (920 at 17 FRC), Jerantut (570 at 11 FRC), Bera (217 at 7 FRC), Raub (137 at 7 FRC), Lipis (60 at 5 FRC) and Rompin (36 at 2 FRC). However, a number of main roads remained closed for traffic, especially Km14 Jalan Temerloh-Bahau, Km18 Jalan Triang-Temerloh and Jalan Jerantut-Kuala Lipis (Kampung Sepial), the spokesman told Bernama today.In Kota Baru, the number of flood victims in Pasir Mas and Tumpat dropped from 139 last night to 99 this morning said a state disaster operations room spokesman. Water level at Sungai Golok in Rantau Panjang was recorded as 8. 68m at 8am this morning and remained at the warning level (Danger level 9m). In Terengganu, the number of flood victims at FRC remained at 22,617 from 5,582 families with Kemaman being the worst affected said the National Security Council (MKN) portal.Kemaman, which was worst hit, saw the highest number of flood victims at FRC with 19,869 from 4,901 families, followed by Dungun with 2,719 from 672 families, Kuala Terengganu six from a family and Marang 28 from eight families. The state Drainage and Irrigation Department reported that the water levels of major rivers in the state were below the danger point this morning. In Johor, 592 evacuees from 160 families remained at nine FRC in the state as the conditions improved significantly said the National Security Council portal. The portal said 484 were in Segamat, 55 in Pontian and 53 in Batu Pahat. Floods in Malaysia Improvement in weather conditions saw a drop in the number of flood victims at flood relief centres (FRC) in Pahang and Kelantan this morning but conditions remained unchanged in Terengganu. In Pahang, the number of flood victims at FRC dropped from 35,502 last night to 33,952 as of 9am this morning said a Pahang state police disaster operations room spokesman.The 33,952 flood victims from 10,328 families are currently housed in 141 FRC throughout the nine districts affected by floods, namely 27,700 in Kuantan, Pekan (3,180 at 34 FRC), Temerloh (1,132 at 23 FRC), Maran (920 at 17 FRC), Jerantut (570 at 11 FRC), Bera (217 at 7 FRC), Raub (137 at 7 FRC), Lipis (60 at 5 FRC) and Rompin (36 at 2 FRC).However, a number of main roads remained closed for traffic, especially Km14 Jalan Temerloh-Bahau, Km18 Jalan Triang-Temerloh and Jalan Jerantut-Kuala Lipis (Kampung Sepial), the spokesman told Bernama today. In Kota Baru, the number of flood victims in Pasir Mas and Tumpat dropped from 139 last night to 99 this morning said a state disaster operations room spokesman.Water level at Sungai Golok in Rantau Panjang was recorded as 8.68m at 8am this morning and remained at the warning level (Danger level 9m). In Terengganu, the number of flood victims at FRC remained at 22,617 from 5,582 families with Kemaman being the worst affected said the National Security Council (MKN) portal. Kemaman, which was worst hit, saw the highest number of flood victims at FRC with 19,869 from 4,901 families, followed by Dungun with 2,719 from 672 families, Kuala Terengganu six from a family and Marang 28 from eight families.The state Drainage and Irrigation Department reported that the water levels of major rivers in the state were below the danger point this morning. In Johor, 592 evacuees from 160 families remained at nine FRC in the state as the conditions improved significantly said the National Security Council portal. The portal said 484 were in Segamat, 55 in Pontian and 53 in Batu Pa hat. – See more at: http://www. themalaymailonline. com/malaysia/article/flood-conditions-improve-in-pahang-kelantan-johor#sthash. G7kqR5LJ. dpuf